Family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance, the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children. In sociological research, it is important to take into account the average family size, the composition of families based on various grounds (the number of generations in the family, the number and completeness of married couples, the number and age of minor children), and the division of families along social and class lines.

nuclear family consisting of parents and their dependent children, or a married couple. If the family structure, in addition to spouses and children, includes other relatives (parents of spouses, their brothers, sisters, grandchildren), then it is called extended.

Family problems:

Socio-economic- standard of living of the family, its budget

Social and household- related to providing families with housing, living conditions, as well as the consumer budget of the average family

Socio-psychological- marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, domestic violence.

Problems of stability of a modern family the state and dynamics of family divorces.

Problems of family education: In this group of problems, the state of family upbringing, types of families according to the criterion of upbringing, parental roles, the position of the child in the family can be considered

Families at risk.(refugees, low-income people, families raising families with disabilities, military personnel)

a social worker is called upon to perform the following functions:

· diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potential);

· security and protective (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms);

· organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity);

· social-psychological-pedagogical (psychological - pedagogical education of family members, provision of emergency psychological assistance, preventive support and patronage);

· prognostic (modeling situations and developing specific targeted assistance programs);

· coordination (establishing and maintaining the unification of efforts of departments of assistance to families and children, social assistance to the population, departments of family problems of internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services).

Social work with families consists of:

1. Social protection of the family is a multi-level system of predominantly government measures to ensure minimum social guarantees, rights, benefits and freedoms of a normally functioning family in a situation of risk in the interests of the harmonious development of the family, individual and society.

Currently in Russia there are four main forms of social protection for families with children:

· Cash payments to families for children in connection with the birth, maintenance and upbringing of children (benefits and pensions).

· Labor, tax, housing, credit, medical and other benefits for families with children, parents and children.

· Legal, medical, psychological, pedagogical and economic consulting, parental education, scientific and practical conferences and congresses.

· Federal, regional targeted and social programs such as “Family Planning”, “Children of Russia”, “Affordable Housing for Young Families” and others.

2. Social support for families involves formal and informal activities and relationships between specialists and families temporarily finding themselves in difficult circumstances.

3. Family social services are the activities of social services to provide social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, carry out social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. An invaluable role in this today is played by 190 territorial Centers for social assistance to families and children, 444 departments for working with families and children, in social service centers and 203 other social service institutions for families and children (40), whose attention covers at least four groups of families:

· large, single-parent, childless, divorcing, young, families of minor parents;

· low-income people with terminally ill people;

· families with an unfavorable psychological climate, with emotional conflict relationships, with the pedagogical failure of parents and harsh treatment of children;

· families containing persons leading an immoral, criminal lifestyle, those who have been convicted or who have returned from prison.

A family is a small group based on marriage and/or consanguinity, the members of which are united by living together and running a household, an emotional connection, and mutual responsibilities towards each other.
A social institution is also called a family, i.e. a stable form of relationships between people, within which the main part of people’s daily lives is carried out, i.e. sexual relations, childbirth and the primary socialization of children, a significant part of domestic care, educational and medical services, especially in relation to children and the elderly. Family is the strongest source of emotional reactions, providing a person with support, understanding, and recreation in favorable circumstances.
Sociologists and anthropologists compare family structure in different societies along six dimensions: family form, marriage form, power distribution pattern, choice of partner, place of residence, and origin and mode of inheritance of property.
Family form. The term "kinship" means a set of social relationships based on certain factors. These include biological ties, marriage and legal rules, rules regarding adoption, guardianship, etc. In the general system of kinship relations, there are two main types of family structure.
A nuclear family consists of adult parents and children who depend on them.
The extended family (as opposed to the first type of family structure) includes the nuclear family and many relatives, such as grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, aunts, and cousins.
In most societies, the nuclear family is considered an important, perhaps even the basic, social unit.
Form of marriage. Monogamy is marriage between one man and one woman. Polygamy is a marriage between one and more other individuals.
A marriage between one man and several women is called polygyny; marriage between one woman and several men is called
polyandry.
Another form is group marriage - between several men and several women.
Since most societies have a male to female ratio of approximately 1:1, polygyny is not widely practiced even in societies where it is considered preferable. Otherwise, the number of unmarried men would significantly exceed the number of men with
several wives
What factors contribute to the predominance of one form of marriage rather than another? Some scholars have emphasized the importance of economic factors in certain societies. For example, in Tibet, land owned by a family is inherited by all sons together. It is not divided into separate plots that are too small to support each brother's family. Therefore, the brothers use this land together and have a common wife (Kenkel, 1977).
In addition to economic factors, other factors also play an important role. For example, polygyny is beneficial for women in societies where many men die in war.
Most family systems in which extended families are considered the norm are patriarchal. This term denotes the power of men over other family members. This type of power is considered generally accepted and often legalized in Thailand, Japan, Germany, Iran, Brazil, etc. In a matriarchal family system, power rightfully belongs to the wife and mother. Such systems are rare.
In recent years there has been a transition from a patriarchal to an egalitarian family system. This is mainly due to the increase in the number of working women in many industrialized countries. Under such a system, influence and power are distributed almost equally between husband and wife.
The rules governing marriage outside certain groups (such as families or clans) are the rules of exogamy. Along with them, there are rules of endogamy, which prescribe marriage within certain groups. Endogamy was characteristic of the caste system, for example, that developed in India. The best known rule of endogamy is the prohibition of incest, which excludes marriage or sexual relations between persons considered close blood relatives.
In some countries, such as the United States, most newlyweds prefer neolocal residence - this means that they live separately from their parents. In societies where patrilocal residence is the norm, the newlywed leaves the family and lives with her husband's family or near his parents' home. In a society where matrilocal residence is the norm, newlyweds are expected to live with or near the bride's parents.
Knowledge of its pedigree and the rules of inheritance of property is important to assist the family. There are three types of systems for determining ancestry and rules for inheriting property. The most common lineage is the male line, where the main family ties exist between father, son and grandson. In some cases, kinship is determined through the female line. We are talking about systems for determining ancestry through the wife's line. The mother's property becomes the property of the daughter, and the main support for the young family is provided by the wife's brother. In our society, a family system based on two-way pedigree has become widespread. It is common in 40% of the world's cultures. In such systems, when determining kinship, blood relatives on the father's and mother's sides are taken into account equally.
Over the past 200 years, the main changes in the functions of the family are associated with its destruction as a cooperative labor association, as well as with the limitation of the ability to transfer family status from parents to children.
Among the main functions of the family, the socialization of children should be noted, although other groups also take part in it. With the emergence and development of industrial society and the state, the functions of the family to ensure the well-being of its members changed radically.
In accordance with the modern version of the concept of conflict theory, the family is the place where economic production and redistribution of material resources take place; in this case, a conflict arises between the interests of each family member and its other members, as well as society as a whole.
Main functions of families:
generative (reproductive), ensuring procreation and continuation of the human race;
the function of primary socialization of children is an educational function that allows children to provide educational communication with their parents;
economic and household - meeting their daily needs for nutrition, personal hygiene, care in case of illness, etc. The family comes to the aid of those members who find themselves in a difficult economic situation;
supports the working ability of family members. Since household services have become more expensive and reduced, the importance of the household function, carried out in the family most often at a primitive level, without mechanization, has increased;
hedonic function (function of healthy sex), allowing people in the family to have a normal sex life that promotes a healthy lifestyle. Practice shows that family people live longer than those without families. Satisfying this need through irregular relationships with casual partners places an unnecessary psychological burden on a person and increases the possibility of illness;
recreational function - restoration (recreation) of physical and mental forces spent at work. "My home is my castle";
psychotherapeutic function - providing an emotional refuge where a person is accepted and supported for who he is. It is now increasingly difficult to perform this function, since all family members experience stress, so everyone should not only expect psychological support from family members, but also provide it themselves.
External conditions quite actively influence the emotional atmosphere of the family.
In Russia there are over 40 thousand. families. The average family size is 3.23 people, families of two people - 34%.
Nuclear families (married couples without children or with children) - 67%.
The number of children in a family is 1.1 children for every Russian family, or 1.63 for every family with children.
Large families are rare: 5.7% of the total number of families, or 9.4% of the number of families with children.
Most families with children are complete, but 13% are incomplete, i.e. one of the parents is absent in them, and for every 14 single-parent families there is one “father’s” family.
The reasons for the appearance of single-parent families are the following:
widowhood (widows - 18.2%, widowers - 2.5%) due to higher mortality among men;
the birth of a child in a de facto marriage (without registration), and the age of the mothers is 15 years (3.3 thousand), 16 years (14.5 thousand), 17 years (40 thousand);
divorce (in Russia in 2000 the divorce rate was 3.4%, in 1990 - 3.8%.
Young families - the first three years of marriage. These families face certain problems:
such a family is economically dependent on its parents if they marry at an early age;
the family lives on the parents’ property or rents living space;
the family produces children, which requires additional funds;
problem of earnings due to unemployment;
adaptation of newlyweds, failures in relationships, which often leads to divorce
(30% in the first five years).
Elderly families. Since in the Russian Federation the average life expectancy of women is 12 years longer than the average life expectancy of men, these families consist of one member. As a rule, they are low-income, so they are the main clients of the social service system.
Actual marriage (without registration). According to experts, we have about or more than 2 million of them. Moreover, the average period of such marriages is short.
Marginal families (tag§o - edge (Latin - located on the edge), who cannot solve their problems on their own, constantly need social support.
Problematic families in need of help due to: incurable illnesses of relatives, their unstable psyche. In addition, the sources of emerging problems in the family may be determined by the economic situation in the country. The inability to provide for one’s family causes depression and increases suicidal tendencies and alcoholism.
Another problem in the family is violence towards each other, not only physical, but also social (prohibition to work, struggle for leadership, release of negative emotions on children and women).
Forms of cruel treatment are not limited to beating, they include any violent attack on the personality of a family member, on his right to dispose of his physical, mental or other abilities. This is moral and psychological violence when one of the family members, who has the opportunity to determine the behavior of other members, prevents his household from communicating with those friends and neighbors with whom they would like, the husband prevents his wife from being employed outside the home, preventing her from going to work or forcing her to leave work, etc. In the same vein lies the desire to prevent any of the family members from acquiring education or advanced training. Manifestations of emotional and psychological cruelty such as ridicule, insults, humiliating comparisons, and unfounded criticism can be traumatic. Such behavioral acts and psychological atmosphere have a destructive effect on relationships between family members and on the psychosomatic health of persons subjected to insults. The most dangerous type of abuse for personality, health and life is physical and sexual violence. They can be combined or carried out separately.
Physical violence involves family member(s) physically hurting, injuring, or killing other members (especially children and women). This can occur in the form of beatings, shaking, squeezing, burning, biting, etc. There are also situations when children are given poisonous or psychotropic substances, dangerous drugs or alcohol.
Sexual abuse is when minor children can be used by adults to satisfy their sexual needs. This can be touching, caresses, sexual intercourse, masturbation, oral or anal sex, as well as other lewd acts, including demonstration of sex.
there is pornography in various forms. Physical violence is often used to force children to engage in depraved acts. However, sometimes emotionally rejected and socially neglected children use their sexual resources to “bribe” adults in order to attract their attention and gain protection.
Physical and sexual abuse has a devastating impact on adults, and even more so on children. Survivors are characterized by long-term depressive states, anxiety attacks, fear of touch and contact, nightmares, feelings of isolation and low self-esteem.
The problem of family domestic violence is only partly related to external social difficulties, aggravating under the influence of the general psychopathology of the socio-psychological situation in the country. Family cruelty serves as a means of outburst of aggressiveness, accumulated under the influence of traumatic conditions of existence, on the weakest and most defenseless: in the family these are women and children. It is also explained by the traditions of suppression and cruelty that take place in traditional cultures, with low competence in regulating one’s psychological states, and the lack of skills for substitutive discharge of negative tensions.
However, in addition to this, we should talk about some personal predisposition to domestic violence and to being a victim of violence: it has been noted that women who are beaten by their husbands in their first marriage are often abused in their second marriage. In technologies for stabilizing family relationships, a social worker must take into account personal risk factors, as well as options in which social therapy will necessarily be ineffective.
Protecting weaker family members, especially children, from domestic abuse is one of the most important tasks of a social worker. Sometimes those being abused are intimidated or unable to talk about what is happening to them due to misunderstanding, young age, intellectual and mental limitations, or other objective reasons. As a rule, this type of behavior is hidden from the eyes of others. In some cases, no traces remain, or they quickly disappear. Therefore, it is advisable to know direct and indirect signs that may indicate the presence of child abuse in the family. These are aggressive, irritable behavior, alienation, indifference, excessive compliance or caution, excessive sexual awareness beyond one’s age, abdominal pain of unknown origin, problems with eating from systematic overeating to complete loss of appetite, restless sleep, nightmares, bedwetting.
In addition, there may be emphasized secrecy in the relationship between an adult and a child, fear of a particular person, and a clear reluctance to be alone with him. Sometimes parents do not allow their child to attend school.
Such children participate little or not at all in school activities. They have few or no friends. Children are lagging behind in development and learning worse. The child does not trust adults, especially those who are close. He may run away from home, attempt suicide, or injure himself. In addition, signs of beatings, abrasions or burns on the skin, bleeding in the whites of the eyes, or traces of blood or semen on clothing may indicate abuse.
The combination of such signs should be the reason for a serious study of the situation in the family. Participation in the diagnosis of a social work specialist, a psychologist, a doctor, and sometimes an employee of the internal affairs agency should give an objective picture of what is happening and will help stop abuse of an adult or minor family member. As a rule, there is a need to immediately remove the child from such a family and place him in a social rehabilitation institution, which can be done by local guardianship and trusteeship authorities. Manifestation of cruelty towards children, uncorrected behavior of adults can serve as a pretext for initiating a case for deprivation of parental rights or criminal prosecution of the perpetrator of cruel treatment.
Technologies used in cases of family cruelty also include social shelters (hotels, shelters), which provide an opportunity for women and children (there are also shelters for men who are abused in the family abroad) to spend a period of crisis aggravation of the family situation in a safe place. However, as a rule, limiting yourself to only this type of help is not enough, because unresolved family conflicts last a long time, periodically escalating. Therefore, to resolve most of them, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family and restoring its functional ties.
This level of social work, focused on stabilizing family ties, includes the normalization of relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationships of all these family members with others.
At the heart of the problems of all types of families is the question of the purpose of the family in the modern world. Having emerged as the main form of life, the family initially concentrated in itself all the main functions of servicing human activity. Gradually freeing itself from a number of these functions, sharing them with other social institutions, the family was faced with the fact that today it is difficult to identify some specific type of activity that can only be carried out by the family or that can only be carried out in the family. In essence, all functions that once belonged primarily to the family can now be carried out outside it. In this regard, the question arises whether the family remains a fundamental social institution, outside of which human existence is impossible.
This theoretical question is reinforced by the increasing instability of the family lifestyle, the increase in crisis phenomena that are characteristic of both our country, which is experiencing socio-economic difficulties, and economically prosperous countries that have not experienced such a sharp drop in the standard of living of their population in recent years.
Instability is expressed in the increasing number of divorces and the danger of divorce for each family. The number of divorces per year in our country is one of the highest in the world.
The instability of family life is manifested in the constant reduction in the number of children per married couple. Almost every country entering the industrial era is experiencing the so-called “first demographic transition” from unregulated fertility at the level of “natural fertility”, when a woman (married couple) gives birth to as many children as can be physiologically born in such conditions, to birth control, free choice of the number of children and the timing of their birth. Such a transition occurs very quickly, practically within the lifetime of one generation, and all attempts to prevent this in the form of legal or religious sanctions are powerless. Practice shows that if legal modern methods of birth control are banned in a certain country, families either find them in other countries or resort to illegal, archaic methods that are more risky and harmful to the woman’s health.
Currently, most industrialized countries are faced with a “second demographic transition” from small families to predominantly one-child families. This is caused not by economic, but by social reasons, since all previously existing external incentives to have many children have become a thing of the past. Today, families and individuals have a need primarily for one child, and not for children, but the means and effort that they perceive as necessary to invest in this child are increasing sharply. “Investing in children” necessarily includes expenses to provide them with a high level of health, an acceptable and comfortable standard of living, a stock of impressions, and the acquisition of things socially necessary for children or adolescents. The most expensive part of these costs is achieving the required level of education. The state controls the minimum required level of such training by establishing compulsory education for everyone (secondary in our country), most often free, but the prospects for future development and the need for a successful social start make demands for the highest possible quality of education, which almost everywhere is now not only paid, but and expensive.
Against the backdrop of a general decline in the birth rate, there is an increase in its share outside marriage, so that today almost every fifth child in our country is born outside the registered marriage of their parents. This can be partly explained by the weakening of external pressure from moral standards and a more liberal attitude towards illegitimate children. Sometimes this can be considered as an indicator indicating the spread of actual marriage.
In our conditions, this phenomenon can also be interpreted as a crisis desire to minimize the family: men do not consider themselves obligated to connect their lives with a woman and their child, although sometimes they agree to register themselves as fathers and provide them with financial assistance for a more or less long time. Often, women who give birth out of wedlock belong to socially disadvantaged segments of the population: migrant workers, temporary migrants, the unemployed or people from families of the unemployed.
Finally, the emergence and establishment of loneliness as an attractive and comfortable lifestyle as a stable life scenario can be considered a sign of the instability of a family lifestyle. Previously, a person without a family was considered either inferior or unhappy. Currently, there is emerging (primarily in the most developed countries of the world) a significant layer of people who find pleasure in this type of existence.
Analysis of the situation of the family in modern society is by no means only of theoretical significance. The development, approval and implementation of state family policy, which includes an extremely large-scale and expensive set of measures, depends on the correct answer to the question about objective trends in family development. Wrong decisions in this area will lead to unsatisfactory and even negative consequences. Thus, the belief that it is possible, using a rather primitive system of economic and legal measures (increased benefits, longer parental leave, etc.) to influence the demographic behavior of people in the field of fertility, forces government agencies to resort to large-scale programs that leads only to a deformation of the existing demographic structure, and not at all to a change in the fertility strategy.
For social work, the wrong orientation can be the reason for setting unrealistic goals and choosing ineffective technologies and methods. Therefore, the issues of analyzing social reality and choosing strategies that are adequate to the objective course of things are directly related to its content and organization.
The social problems of single-parent families are associated with poverty, which is caused by the presence of only one labor income in the family, sometimes there is no labor income at all, and the family is forced to live on unemployment benefits or child benefits. A woman's income, as a rule, is significantly lower than a man's due to her lag on the social ladder caused by childcare responsibilities. Income from child support, in the case where children are entitled to it and actually receive it, as a rule, covers no more than half the cost of their maintenance.
Socio-economic problems are not common to all single-parent families; in any case, they are easier to solve. Even more complex and without a clear solution are the socio-psychological problems present in the intrapersonal sphere and interpersonal relationships of members of single-parent families, especially children. Considering that the vast majority of single-parent families consist of a mother and her children, these problems mainly concern women.
A category of single-parent families that has recently become widespread is single-parent extended families, which are formed, as a rule, from the ruins of some social catastrophe. Parents of young children have died, are in prison, have gone on the run, have been deprived of parental rights, or are indulged in rampant drunkenness. Most often, it is for these reasons that the generation of grandparents has to support and raise their grandchildren. Recently, employees of social protection authorities have been talking about the emergence of single-parent extended families due to the departure of parents abroad. Such families, of course, have a low level of income, the basis of which is pensions and salaries of the elderly. A number of difficulties stem from the poor health of older people, their weaker adaptive abilities, and their inability to adapt to the realities of our time. Unfortunately, they sometimes cannot provide the position of dominance, authority, and ability to control the situation necessary for raising children, which is why their students often exhibit deviant forms of behavior.
Large families, which once made up the majority in Russia (at the beginning of the 20th century in the European part of the country there were an average of eight children per family), now steadily occupy a small share (7.5%) of the total number of families. Moreover, a certain part is made up of accidental large families, when instead of the desired second flight, twins are born immediately, or a child is born as a result of K1MM or errors in contraception and the inability to resort to means of abortion.
All other large families can be divided into three categories. Firstly, this is a conscious, purposeful large family, which can be associated with national traditions or religious precepts. Sometimes cultural and ideological incentives are possible, sometimes the embodiment of the traditions of the parental family. Such families have many difficulties associated with low income, crowded housing, workload of parents, especially the mother, and their state of health, but at least the parents have motivation to raise children.
The second group consists of families formed as a result of the second and subsequent marriages of the mother (less often the father), in which new children are born. Research shows that such families can be different, including quite prosperous ones, but the echo of the existence of an incomplete family within their framework remains.
The third group consists of families of disabled people, which are characterized by economic difficulties associated with the collapse of the production and rehabilitation system, previously based on the work of disabled people, and the limited labor and adaptive ability of its members. Disabled people are generally very limited in their life activities, since the formation of a barrier-free environment is just beginning. The introduction of programs aimed at adapting the existing environment to the needs and capabilities of people with disabilities is still limited by both a lack of funds and organizational obstacles.
Families raising disabled children have all the problems associated with disability (low income, limitations in life activities, etc.), but their acceptance of such problems is often voluntary, since at the birth of a disabled child with an incorrigible pathology, parents often have the opportunity to refuse from such children with the aim of placing them for permanent care in a specialized boarding school. The network of institutions providing assistance to parents in such activities is still far from sufficient. Caring for a sick child, disabled since childhood, is often incompatible with outside work. Therefore, the mother, as a rule, is forced to leave her job or leave her favorite job in favor of a more flexible schedule, closer, but lower paid.
Family problems, which consist in the pathologization of relationships between spouses and between parents and children, as a general rule do not depend on the social status of the family and can befall a wealthy, intelligent family with the same probability as a low-income or poorly educated one. Social workers can currently provide assistance to such a family mainly at the stage of crisis, at the time of conflict or disintegration. But most social institutions are not yet able to work on the prevention of family dysfunctions and establish family communications beyond the pre-crisis stage. Meanwhile, this is one of the most important tasks of social work in a stable society. As the social situation in Russia improves, when the tasks of ensuring survival recede into the background, family problems
therapy, improvement and stabilization of family relationships will come to the fore.
Technologies of social work with families can be discussed in relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc. Types and forms of social assistance aimed at preserving the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family group in need of support can be divided into emergency, aimed at family survival (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance, immediate removal from the family of children in danger or left without parental care); for social work aimed at maintaining family stability, and social work aimed at the social development of the family and its members.
Each family goes through a regularly changing chain of stages, determined by the age of the family and the characteristics of its functioning. The following stages can be distinguished in the life cycle of a family:
marriage;
mutual adaptation;
birth of children;
children growing up and leaving the family;
aging and death of one or both spouses.
The restructuring of structural ties and relationships in the family causes its temporary weakening, for example, during the birth of the first child, during the period of “critical” growth of children. The number of divorces increases significantly during these periods, so families need social assistance. Each of the above periods of the family has its own characteristics that must be taken into account when working with the family.
Women
Women represent a socio-demographic category of the population, which is distinguished by a number of physiological characteristics, specific hormonal status, and position in the social structure. The assignment to female or male gender is fixed at the birth of the baby and is recorded in documents as the passport gender. Belonging to a particular gender prescribes the social position of the individual and the corresponding set of social problems. The main reason for identifying women as a special socio-demographic group and a specific category of social work clients is their generative function, i.e. fertility, which is a biological prerequisite for a number of cultural and social consequences.
This ability, on the one hand, ensured the continuation of the race and therefore was respected from the first stages of the existence of the human race. On the other hand, it could pose a great danger to the fragile life support system of traditional societies of the past, in which obtaining food was always associated with great difficulties, and every “extra mouth” threatened to lead the rest to malnutrition and hunger. Therefore, in patriarchal societies, the ideology of feminophobia has developed - fear of women and hostility towards them.
In addition, the subordinate role of women in the gender-role division of labor, the ability for the vast majority of women to independently provide for themselves and children in ways approved by society led to the entrenchment of ideas about their inferiority, the need for leadership from a man, and the limitation of all their life activities exclusively to the family circle, about the “natural biological purpose” of a woman. Unfortunately, many of our compatriots begin to understand all the inertia and incorrectness of such ideas only when they take the trouble to extend the idea of ​​“natural biological destiny” to men and realize with surprise that the entire life of the “stronger sex” in such a coordinate system comes down to a rather short-term and most often a single act.
Started in the 60s. XX century A wave of active women's movements in various countries, especially in the United States, stimulated intensive research into the status, various characteristics and position of women. Moreover, all social structures began to revise their attitudes, taking into account the point of view of women. The awareness of the oppression of women has affected the personal views and social practices of most people. Many social workers have taken a critical look at established views and have participated in redefining the knowledge base and practices of social work in areas of life affecting women, such as social policies, programs and services. This is especially important since women make up the majority of social service clients.
Demographic characteristics of women. Women prevail over men in the population structure: more than half of the population are women. There are more boys among newborns (on average there are 105-107 boys per 100 girls). However, with age, the number of men relative to women gradually decreases among all nationalities. Thus, starting from 25-29 years, the number of women begins to exceed the number of men, and in the age group of 65 years and older there were only 67 men per 100 women. This is the result of worse survival in infancy and higher mortality at all ages in men compared to women. The life expectancy of men is approximately 7-7.5 years less than that of women. There are more adult women than adult men. With age, the proportion of women increases in all age and ethnic groups. Among the elderly, the number of women significantly exceeds the number of men.
Health. Life expectancy has traditionally been the main indicator of the physical condition of the population. As noted above, the average life expectancy of women is significantly longer than that of men.
Recorded mortality rates by age cohort from diseases such as cerebral palsy, malignant tumors, cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia and influenza, as well as accidents, homicides and suicides are significantly lower in women than in men.
The youth
Youth is a socio-demographic group, the main quantitative characteristic of which is age indicators (16-30 years).
Young people are represented in various social classes; their position significantly depends on their social class affiliation. Youth status is considered as the position of young people in society. It is characterized by many indicators, including the socio-demographic structure of youth, legal status, education and upbringing, economic status and economic activity, place and role in politics, lifestyle, value guidelines, health.
For young people of different ages, there are different degrees of acquiring rights and responsibilities. This is due to different amounts of legal capacity, as well as a number of specially established rights and responsibilities of young people and minors.
Youth is divided into categories: school, student, worker, rural, young entrepreneurs, etc. Each youth social group has its own economic, social, sociocultural characteristics. The psychological characteristics of young people largely depend on age periods - adolescence, adolescence, youth. The most socially vulnerable period is adolescence and early adolescence, when a young person begins an independent life. Obtaining vocational education, employment, housing problems, leisure, recreation - all these issues can be successfully resolved only with the support of society. The state creates certain favorable conditions for the development and successful entry of a young person into social relations as an independent subject, and promotes the realization of his personal capabilities. The state implements similar measures through its youth policy.
Young people, as a socio-demographic group, are classified as social risk groups. The lack of life experience, social criteria for behavior and lifestyle creates conditions for deviant, antisocial behavior - joining criminal teenage groups, becoming involved in drugs, alcohol, wasting time, etc. Young people should always be at the center of social work; they need to be provided with social support and assistance.

In relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc., various social work technologies are used. Types and forms of social assistance, the purpose of which is to preserve the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family in need of support, can be divided into emergency, i.e., aimed at the survival of the family (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance, immediate removal from the family children in danger or left without parental care) aimed at maintaining family stability and the social development of the family and its members.

Since socio-economic technologies are discussed in detail in other sections of the textbook, we will focus on the types of emergency assistance in the presence of intra-family cruelty. This kind of relationship is usually hidden from others, but objective (and quite methodologically complex) studies indicate their fairly high prevalence (according to American researchers, they are typical for at least 15% of all families). In our country, scientific interest in this problem is just awakening, but individual data (domestic murders and registered crimes, testimonies of doctors, teachers, social workers and law enforcement officers) prove its increase.

Forms of abuse are not limited to physical violence - this is any violent attack on the personality of a family member, on his right to dispose of his physical, mental or other abilities - for example, a ban on communicating with friends or neighbors, preventing his wife from working outside the home, acquiring education, or improving her qualifications , ridicule, insults, unfounded criticism. Such behavioral acts and psychological atmosphere have a destructive effect on relationships between family members and their psychosomatic health.

Physical and sexual violence in the family is the most dangerous for the individual, her health and life.

Physical violence includes beatings, attempted strangulation, wounding, intentional burns, bites, as well as the intentional use of poisonous or psychotropic substances, etc.

Sexual violence against minor children is touching their genitals, forced sexual intercourse, oral or anal sex, masturbation, showing children pornographic films and other depraved acts. Physical violence is often used to force children to engage in depraved acts. However, sometimes emotionally rejected and socially neglected children use their sexual resources to “bribe” adults in order to attract their attention and gain protection. Such specific sexualized behavior is difficult to correct.

Survivors of physical and sexual abuse are characterized by long-term depression, anxiety attacks, fear of being touched, nightmares, feelings of isolation and low self-esteem.

Protecting weaker family members, especially children, from domestic abuse is one of the most important tasks of a social worker. Sometimes children who are abused are intimidated or unable to talk about what is happening to them due to misunderstanding, childhood, intellectual and mental limitations, or other objective reasons. As a rule, this type of behavior is hidden from the eyes of others. In some cases, there is no evidence of abuse (bruises, scratches, etc.) or they quickly disappear. Therefore, you should know the direct and indirect signs of abuse in a family with children: aggressiveness, irritability, alienation, indifference, excessive compliance or caution, excessive (not for age) sexual awareness, abdominal pain of unknown etiology, problems with food (from systematic overeating to complete loss of appetite), restless sleep, bedwetting. In addition, there may be emphasized secrecy in the relationship between an adult and a child, the child’s fear of a particular family member, and a clear reluctance to be alone with him.

Sometimes parents do not allow their child to attend school, and children who attend school almost do not participate in school activities, they have few or no friends, they are developmentally delayed, and they study poorly. The child does not trust adults; he may try to run away from home or commit suicide. In addition, signs of beatings, abrasions or burns on the skin, bleeding in the whites of the eyes, traces of blood or semen on clothing may indicate child abuse in the family.

The combination of such signs should be the reason for a serious study of the situation in the family. The participation in this study of a social work specialist, psychologist, doctor, and sometimes an internal affairs officer should give an objective picture of what is happening and help stop child abuse. As a rule, there is a need for his immediate removal from such a family and placement in a social rehabilitation institution - this is within the competence of the local guardianship and trusteeship authorities. Manifestation of cruelty towards children, uncorrected behavior of adults can serve as a pretext for initiating a case for deprivation of parental rights or criminal prosecution of the perpetrator of cruel treatment.

Technologies used in cases of family cruelty also include the organization of social shelters (hotels, shelters), which provide an opportunity for women and children (there are also shelters abroad for men subjected to domestic abuse) to wait out the crisis of the family situation in a safe place. However, as a rule, limiting yourself to only this type of assistance is unproductive, since unresolved family conflicts periodically escalate. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family, restoring its functional ties, normalizing relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationships of all these family members with others.

Thus, working with “difficult” children and adolescents involves diagnosing family and school situations, identifying the child’s primary social network, and a mandatory analysis of his medical, social and intellectual-psychological status. Based on the data obtained, a program is drawn up to work with the child’s family, resolve his school problems, and involve him in a more favorable social network. Such a program is carried out by a team of specialists, including a social worker, social teacher, psychologist, and sometimes a lawyer, with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies, cultural and sports centers. In the course of such work, socio-psychological counseling of the family is carried out in parallel in order to eliminate mutual misunderstanding, unproductive types of family interaction, and conflict in relationships; socio-legal counseling, which allows the family to realize and learn to defend their rights in relationships with the social environment, primarily with the educational system; pedagogical consultation, as well as pedagogical assistance that helps to overcome the school difficulties of the child (children). Psychocorrectional measures, changing the self-esteem of adults and children, eliminating negative stereotypes and developing a friendly and respectful attitude towards each other are also of great importance. Often such activities also contain social components themselves - for example, providing assistance in finding employment for parents, improving living conditions (which, of course, despite its importance, depends primarily on the socio-economic situation in the country and in a particular locality).

When working with the family of an alcoholic, diagnosis involves identifying the main cause of alcohol abuse and accompanying circumstances. This requires studying the personalities of all family members, as well as studying social biography. The causes of alcohol abuse may be a family predisposition, some features of personal status (personality instability, infantilism, addiction), traditions of the family or social environment, an illusory attempt to escape from problems. Often a combination of these reasons is identified. Their analysis is necessary, since sometimes it is not drunkenness that is the cause of conflicts in the family, but, on the contrary, they resort to drunkenness precisely in order to overcome conflict in this way (at least in their imagination). Next, a program of work with the drug addict, his family, and social environment is drawn up - these include therapeutic measures, consultations, psychotherapy and psychocorrection, possibly social and labor rehabilitation of the alcoholic himself and his family. Medical rehabilitation of alcohol abusers has so far been ineffective, because after rehabilitation the patient returns to the same environment in which he developed the habit of alcohol; a family that has existed for a long time in conditions of a permanent crisis and has developed a certain homeostasis, wittingly or unwittingly contributes to the resumption of his previous habit. If a person does not have a strong will, then his personal resources are not enough to prevent such tendencies.

Therefore, working with such a family implies developing the motivation of the client and his family for an alcohol-free lifestyle and building a different system of relationships; psychocorrectional measures aimed at educating a person capable of being the master of his own destiny; introducing the client into associations or clubs of people who adhere to a non-alcoholic lifestyle or the creation of such an association. One of the most effective technologies for creating a favorable environment conducive to long-term recovery from alcoholism is the Alcoholics Anonymous movement, as well as the Anonymous Children of Alcoholics, Narcotics Anonymous, and others programs.

Work with a conflicted family or a family in which the emotional climate is unsatisfactory begins, as a rule, after a statement from one of the spouses, although sometimes the reason for ascertaining serious intra-family problems may be the observations of a school or social teacher, a pediatrician, who notes the negative psychosomatic consequences of family tension for children's health. Social work with such a family begins with a thorough study of the actual family problem, about which spouses most often have incorrect ideas, familiarization with the personal characteristics of the spouses, their family and marital attitudes. The difficulties encountered may be due to any of the above reasons. It should be noted that external difficulties - material and economic restrictions, uncertainty about the future, unemployment, etc. - as a rule, only aggravate family conflicts and reveal their true causes. Negative personality traits, primarily hysteria and psychasthenicity, compensated in the process of socialization or self-education, under the influence of external reasons can be re-actualized and become the cause of constant conflicts. A serious discrepancy in family and marital attitudes may remain undetected for quite a long time, however, at turning points, key moments in the development of family life or under the influence of external difficulties, it may be discovered that spouses adhere to different family models (egalitarian or patriarchal), have diverging views on raising children, emotional , household, financial and other relationships. Accordingly, family therapy includes finding a compromise in the cultural and semantic sphere, correcting accumulated socio-psychological stereotypes, and teaching non-conflict communication skills.

Such work is carried out through individual conversations and interviews, group psychotherapy or play therapy.

Actively used methods include the so-called Yes Therapy - an autodiagnostic and psychocorrective technique with the help of which conflicting spouses rationalize their generally negative emotional and mental relationships. During its implementation, it is proposed to answer “yes” or “no” to a number of clearly formulated questions regarding various aspects of the relationship between the spouses. As a result of the balance of his positive or negative responses, the spouse can soften his attitude towards the other spouse, whom he is used to blaming for all sins, and determine his true intentions - whether he wants an improvement in the relationship or a divorce.

Another diagnostic technique is the “sculptural group” method, popular in the West: family members visualize their idea of ​​family relationships, creating a sculptural group, and when discussing the place of each family member in it, he really evaluates his position in it and the discrepancy between his assessment and the assessment of others.

It must be said that awareness of a real family problem has not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic significance, since a detected and realized difficulty forces family members to reconsider their behavior.

One of the multilateral methods is the construction of a family genogram, i.e., a diagram of family history created according to certain rules and reflecting the relationships in the generations of grandparents, parents and in the family being studied. This process is quite fascinating - drawing up your family tree is one of the deepest needs of people. In addition, in the course of its creation together with the family therapist and with his participation, family members, who may have had little contact for a long time, are involved in a single activity, complementing each other. Finally, the final picture is highly informative: an excessive number of widows or cases of divorce in the ascending or lateral branches of the family may indicate, respectively, a negative biological predisposition or the presence of congenital personality problems.

Diagnostic activities should help clients realize and acknowledge the need to change their family relationships, root motivation for long-term, patient and complex work aimed at self-change and overcoming their own unwanted stereotypes. It should be emphasized that existing methods of manipulative influence on an individual who does not want to attract his own transformational capabilities are unproductive.

For example, the technique of directed change is that a family member who has identified undesirable traits or behavior patterns in another family member influences him with the help of emotional reward or punishment (punishment may mean lack of encouragement, emotional coldness). Only “good behavior” deserves a reward. The technique differs from ordinary relationships in that the influence on the manipulated is carried out not at a rational, but at a subconscious level, and, according to its developers, the individual, after a fairly short period of time, will learn to automatically choose forms of behavior followed by a reward. Unfortunately, the practice of using such means in family therapy shows its rather low effectiveness and even counterproductive impact, primarily on the “manipulator” himself, since instead of spontaneous relationships of trust, openness and mutual support, relationships of one-sided influence are cultivated here.

More equal relationships are provided for by the “family agreement” technique (not to be confused with a civil marriage contract). Its implementation begins with the subjective identification of the spouses’ claims against each other and the removal of emotional labels such as “he never has time for his family” or “she is always dissatisfied with everything”; in the preparation process, such meaningless accusations should be replaced by a statement of specific incorrect actions of the spouses. Subsequently, a minimum mutually acceptable list of obligations to change the behavior of both parties is developed for an average period - from a month to six months (in a shorter period it will not be possible to detect changes in behavior, a longer period will not allow summing up, and interest in the process will fade away). This list is drawn up in a bilateral agreement and signed by both spouses; Of course, the legal force of such an agreement is negligible, there can be no sanctions for its violation, but the moral and psychological impact of such a document should not be underestimated. The obligations assumed by spouses must be specific and verifiable.

Upon expiration of the contract, the spouses, together with the social therapist, analyze the fulfillment of its terms and, if necessary, enter into a similar agreement for the next period - perhaps already containing new, increased requirements. Over time, the presence of a social worker becomes unnecessary; spouses acquire the skills to independently operate with this method.

Technologies for correcting family relationships are numerous; their choice is determined both by the circumstances of a specific social situation, including the characterological traits of clients, and by the personal qualities of the family therapy specialist himself, his tastes and preferences. Over time, each experienced specialist transforms methods in his own way, creating his own contamination from several suitable forms of work. The essence of all the means used is the implementation and consolidation of those changes that will contribute to the desired stabilization of the family.

Unfortunately, not all types of family dysfunction can be corrected, and this depends not only on the insufficiency or inadequacy of the efforts of a family work specialist. Sometimes it is possible with a high degree of probability to predict an unfavorable prognosis for the future of a family union even before its conclusion. Some types of problems are solvable in the early stages, but become more complex as resolution is delayed. A social worker should not consider the situation hopeless, no matter how the relations between family members become aggravated, but it should be remembered that resolving family problems is, first of all, a matter of free choice and responsible behavior of the family members themselves. Without their willpower and perseverance, the most effective social technology will not succeed.

ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences<#"center">Course work

by discipline

"Technology of social work"

"Technology of social work with families"

Performed)

3rd year student

groups 1243-1/3-1

correspondence courses

Kuznetsova N.N.

St. Petersburg 2014

Introduction

Chapter 1. Family and social work: conceptual apparatus

1 The concept of family

2 Family functions

3 Family as an object of social work

Chapter 2. Technologies of social work with families

1 The essence of social problems of the modern family

2 Technologies of social work with families

3 Family policy as a current area of ​​social work

Conclusion

Introduction

The family, as an association of people connected by relationships of kinship, parenthood, and marriage, is the connecting link between the individual and society, and performs the functions of physical and sociocultural replacement of generations.

The family is the primary protective environment of the individual. However, it can become a cause of deprivation and infringement of the individual and a factor in life crises. The family is a necessary value for the life and development of every person, plays an important role in the life of society and the state, in educating new generations, ensuring social stability and progress.

Despite the crisis features that the family acquired at the beginning of the 21st century, it continues to be an important factor in building the image of the modern social world. Society is interested in a spiritually strong, stably functioning family that maintains a high intensity of kinship relationships, capable of raising a biologically socially psychologically healthy person. This is the relevance of the topic of this course work.

The purpose of writing this course work is the social problems of the family in modern Russian society as an object of study of social work.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

a) consider the functions of the family;

b) study technologies of social work with the family as a system;

c) reveal the main problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society.

The practical significance of this work is determined by an attempt to reach the consciousness of every person that the key to a prosperous society is a happy family, that family values ​​are destined to live on condition that they are treated with care and passed on to future generations.

Structurally, the course work consists of an introduction to two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter provides a conceptual framework that allows us to consider the family as an object of study in social work. The second chapter examines technologies of social work with the family as a system and analyzes the problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society.

Chapter 1. Family and social work: conceptual apparatus

1 The concept of family

Being one of the ancient forms of institutional organization of social life, the family arose much earlier than religion, the state, the army, education, and the market.

The concept of family varies among different peoples and has changed significantly in different periods of human history. The protection of family relationships is regulated by various branches of law, which interpret the concept of “family” differently. There is no single definition of family in monographic studies either.

We can distinguish two groups of characteristics according to the definition of this concept: 1) sociological and 2) legal in nature.

In sociology, the family is defined as a social institution characterized by certain social norms, sanctions, patterns of behavior, rights and responsibilities that regulate relations between spouses, parents and children.

Along with this sociological definition, there is also a legal concept of family. In the legal sense, family is a legal connection. A family in the legal sense can be defined as a circle of persons bound by rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, adoption or other form of adoption of children and recognized to contribute to the strengthening and development of family relationships on moral principles.

As a social institution, the family is integrated into the segment of society of which it is an element. Therefore, the needs and interests of the family are satisfied in accordance with the opportunities provided by society. These opportunities are realized by the family in a wide range of social relations - marriage and kinship, legal and social, household and economic, moral and ethical, psychological and emotional. In the family, personal needs are streamlined, organized on the basis of social values, norms and patterns of behavior accepted in society and in the subculture to which the family belongs, and, ultimately, acquire the character of social functions.

The most important function of the family for society and the state is the socialization of the individual and the transmission of cultural heritage to new generations. A feature of socialization in the family is its duration: the mutual influence of children and parents lasts almost a lifetime. The socialization of adults rather changes external behavior, while the socialization of children shapes value orientations. Socialization in adults is designed to help a person acquire certain skills; socialization in childhood deals more with the motivation of behavior. Socialization means the process of constant cognition, consolidation and creative development by a person of the rules and norms of behavior dictated to him by society.

The family as a system performs the most important function of social and emotional protection of its members. In the family, a person feels the value of his life, finds selfless dedication, a willingness to sacrifice himself for the sake of the lives of loved ones. This function is associated with another - a recreational, restorative function, which is aimed at restoring and strengthening the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual strength of a person after a hard working day. It is known that married life has a beneficial effect on the health of the spouses, and on the body of men to a greater extent than women.

Thus, the social significance of the family lies in the integrity that is inherent in the family both as a social community, and as a small social group, and as a social institution.

1.2 Family functions

The American scientist Abraham Maslow, structuring human needs, divided them into:

) physiological and sexual needs;

) existential needs for the security of one’s existence; 3) social needs for communication;

) prestigious needs for recognition;

) spiritual needs for self-realization.

The social functions of the family, which play a huge role in public life, are directly related to human needs. Thus, the reproductive function of the family performs the most important task: biological and, in part, social reproduction of the population - after all, the foundation for human socialization is laid in the family.

The family as a social community is the primary element that mediates the connection of the individual with society: it forms the child’s idea of ​​social connections and includes him in them from birth. In the family, a person first encounters the division of labor in housekeeping and self-care. Hence the next most important function of the family is the socialization of the individual, the transfer of cultural heritage to new generations. The human need for children, their upbringing and socialization gives meaning to human life itself through the implementation of the reproductive function. It is quite obvious that the priority of the family as the main form of socialization of the individual is due to natural biological reasons. The family, as the main agent of socialization, contributes to the assimilation of behavioral patterns and forms of activity necessary for inclusion in the status-role dispositions of society. At the same time, the social status function is associated with the reproduction of the social structure of society, as it provides a certain social status to family members.

The family has more advantages in the socialization of the individual compared to other groups due to the special moral-emotional psychological atmosphere of sensitivity, respect, love and care. The level of emotional and intellectual development of children raised outside the family is lower. Their ability to sympathize and empathize, their ability to love their neighbor is slowed down. The first five years in a child’s life are especially important, because it is during these years that the foundations of personality are laid - speech, emotions, character, memory, intelligence, thinking. The family carries out socialization in the most crucial period of life, provides an individual approach to the development of the child, and promptly identifies his abilities, interests, and needs.

Due to the fact that the closest and most intimate relationships that can exist between people develop in the family, the law of social inheritance comes into force. No wonder people say: “The father is a fisherman and the children look into the water.” Children in their character, temperament, and behavior style are in many ways similar to their parents. Each family has its own cultural environment, its own atmosphere, which has the greatest impact on the child. The effectiveness of parenthood as an institution for the socialization of the individual is also ensured by the fact that it is permanent and long-term in nature, lasting throughout life, as long as parents and children are alive.

The next most important function of the family is existential, i.e. social emotional protection of their loved ones. It is known that the essence of any phenomenon is especially clearly manifested in an extreme situation. In a situation that threatens life and health, most people strive to be close to their families. In a family, a person understands and feels the value of his life, finds selfless dedication, a willingness to sacrifice himself for the sake of the lives of loved ones. The knowledge that a person is needed and dear to someone, that he is loved, supports morale and confidence. The care of family members for each other, emotional and other protection within the family binds family members with mutual responsibility. It is based not only on the law, but is also characterized by a high degree of voluntariness and a desire to bear responsibility.

The next most important function of the family is economic and household. The essence of this function, from an individual point of view, is to receive material resources and household services by some family members from others, and from a public point of view, to support minors and disabled members of society. Family property is generally owned by the wife and husband, and the marital shares of property are recognized as equal.

The restorative (or recreational) function is aimed at restoring and strengthening a person’s emotional, psychological, physical and spiritual strength after a hard day at work. This function has not been sufficiently studied, but scientists have reliable facts proving the positive impact of the family on the health of spouses. For example: single life contributes (directly or indirectly) to the appearance of such serious diseases as ulcers, neurasthenia, hypertension.

The leisure function organizes rational leisure and exercises control in the field of leisure, in addition, it satisfies certain needs of the individual in leisure activities.

The sexual function of the family exercises sexual control and is aimed at satisfying the sexual needs of the spouses.

Each function plays a certain role in the life of the family and is important both for society and for the individual.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the family is one of the fundamental institutions of society, which gives it stability and also allows it to replenish the population in each next generation. At the same time, the family acts as a small group - the most cohesive and stable unit of society. Throughout life, a person becomes part of many different groups, but only the family remains the group that he never leaves.

3 Family as an object of social work

The objects of social work are an individual, a small group, or the population of a certain localized territory (in whole or in part).

A distinctive feature of social work objects is the presence of a difficult life situation: disability; inability to self-care due to old age, illness; orphanhood; neglect; poverty; unemployment; lack of a specific place of residence; conflicts and abuse in the family; loneliness.

When accepting the family as an object of social work, it is necessary to take into account its structure, environment, functioning, traditions and customs.

All social problems characteristic of modern society are reflected in the family, therefore all types of social work technologies are applicable to it to one degree or another - aimed at the social rehabilitation of disabled people or disabled children, providing assistance to the poor, women, military personnel, etc. there are also specific technologies designed to provide assistance to the family as such.

Currently, there are more than 40 million families in the Russian Federation. The most common type is the nuclear family (from the Latin nucleus - nucleus), which consists of one pair spouses with or without children. There are 2/3 of such families in the Russian Federation.

A nuclear family can be complete or incomplete (consisting of one parent with children). Number of single-parent families (as a result of divorce, widowhood, birth of a child to an unmarried woman, etc.) Currently, 6.2 million families in the country are single-parent: in Russia there are 5.6 million single mothers and 634.5 thousand . single fathers. At the same time, about 9.5 thousand single parents are raising five or more children. According to statistics, more than half of parents who do not live with children periodically deviate from paying child support, and every third does not pay it at all.

Families can also differ in the presence or absence of children and in their number. According to any statistics, the main trend in the development of families with children today is a decrease in the average number of children (under 18 years old) in a family, as well as a decrease in the number of two-parent (mother, father, children) and large families. So, according to data for 2013, the number of families without children is 48.3%, with 1 child - 33.8%, with two - 14.6%, with 3 or more - 3.3%.

There is also a typology of social risk, i.e., the identification of families that, due to objective or subjective reasons, are in a state of life difficulties and need help from the state system of social protection and social services. These are low-income families; families with an excessive dependent load (large families or those with disabled people), in which there is more than one dependent per worker; families raising disabled children; single-parent families; families of refugees and internally displaced persons; families of conscripts.

In recent years, new categories of such families have appeared: families whose members work in enterprises and institutions where wages are not paid/delayed for months; families of the unemployed; families living in disadvantaged regions.

Chapter 2. Technologies of social work with families

1 The essence of social problems of the modern family

Since the life of the family is determined by the laws of development of society, then, as a social institution, it has gone through a long path of development and adaptation to a wide variety of conditions, which has led to a change in the role and functions of the family in modern society. Initially, the family was the main form of life and concentrated in itself all the main functions to ensure human life. But at present it is difficult to identify a specific type of activity that is characteristic only of the family, because the family shares a number of functions with other social institutions. Thus, the complex of problems of all types of families is determined by the question of the purpose of the family in the modern world.

All the problems that exist in modern families can be divided into the following groups:

.fertility and family planning problems;

.family stability problems;

.socio-economic;

.socio-psychological;

.social and household;

.problems of family education;

.specific problems of families at risk.

Problems of fertility and family planning.

Demographic trends in Russia are extremely unfavorable. The population of Russia stopped reproducing itself back in 1964-1965. Since then, Russian society has entered a phase of so-called latent depopulation, when, despite the birth rate falling below threshold values, the population continues to grow for some time due to inertia, but not for long.

The natural decline began in 1992 and continues to increase. In the period from 1990 to 2010 it reached 7.7 million people, and in 2010-2030 it will amount to another 11.5 million people. According to Rosstat forecasts, the population of Russia in 2010-2020 will decline annually by an average of 21 million, and in 2020-2030 - by 13.8 million per year.

One of the main directions for solving the demographic problem is to increase the birth rate and increase the number of children in the family. The family structure of Russia is now dominated by small families: only 6% of families are raising three or more children (in Western European countries this figure is 12-15%)]. However, according to demographic calculations, for simple population reproduction, about 50% of all families must have 3-4 children. However, women and families who have a desire to have a second and third child often cannot decide to take such an action. Why?

There are several reasons here:

Housing issue and material living conditions;

Lack of a developed and accessible network of preschool education institutions;

The importance of public opinion regarding large families. We associate a family with several children with poverty and deviance;

Difficulty finding a marriage partner.

Problems of stability of a modern family.

This issue consists of the state and dynamics of family divorces, their socio-typological and regional aspects, causes of divorce, matrimonial values, marital satisfaction as a factor

The instability of family life is expressed primarily in the increasing number of divorces. According to the UN Demographic Yearbook 2012, Russia is the first among the countries with the highest number of divorces. The UN statistics department uses the number of divorces per 1000 people as the initial figure. In Russia - 5%, the highest figure in the world.

The instability of family life is also manifested in the constant reduction in the number of children per married couple.

Finally, another sign of an unstable family lifestyle is the belief that being single is an attractive and comfortable lifestyle. As a result, a person completely refuses to bear children. Women increasingly began to deliberately postpone having a child and free up time for other tasks: education, starting a career, experimenting with lifestyle. This life position also has its extreme form - communities of consciously childless people, or childfree (childfree, English - “free from children”).

Socio-economic problems.

This group includes problems related to the family’s standard of living and its budget (including the consumer budget of the average family). Thus, the population with incomes below the subsistence level in 2012 amounted to 15.6 million people (11% of the total population).

Most often, young families experience socio-economic problems. Thus, 78% of young families receive constant support from parents or relatives, 12% have parents who help from time to time, and only 3.6% of young families have a sufficient independent budget. This material support from close relatives of the older generation places a heavy burden on the latter, since it is they who often solve the housing problems of the young, issues of paying for the education of the young, financial assistance at the birth of a child, take out mortgage loans, etc. This is due to the fact that, firstly: the wages of young specialists, and especially women, are not high; secondly: the salaries of young women are often unstable due to maternity leave.

It seems important to question what types of assistance are primarily needed by young families. According to research results, 35% of young families surveyed responded that they needed financial assistance from the state, 5% for food and essential goods, and 25.4% for employment of family members.

Social and psychological problems.

This group includes the widest range of problems: they are associated with dating, choosing a marriage partner and further - marital and family adaptation, coordination of family and intrafamily roles, personal autonomy and self-affirmation in the family. In addition, it also includes problems of marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, and domestic violence.

Social and everyday problems.

This group includes problems related to providing families with housing, living conditions, as well as the consumer budget of the average family, the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, the financial difficulties of large and young families, the state system of assistance to the low-income families.

Problems of family education.

In this group of family problems, the following can be considered: the state of family education, types of families according to the criterion of education, parental roles, the child’s position in the family, conditions for the effectiveness and failures of family education. These problems are naturally related to socio-psychological and family stability problems.

Problems of families at risk.

At the beginning of the 21st century, according to research by Russian sociologists, one of the typical trends in social development is the growth of family dysfunction. In recent years, the economic crisis has only intensified the already difficult financial situation of a large number of families. The moral problems of society complicate the system of value relations in the family, and the rather low level of pedagogical culture reduces the educational potential of the family.

Dysfunctional families can be divided into two large groups, each of which includes several varieties.

The first group includes families with a clear form of disadvantage. These are the so-called problematic, conflict-ridden, asocial, immoral-criminal families and families with a lack of educational resources (for example, single-parent families).

The second group consists of outwardly respectable families. From the public, their lifestyle does not cause concern or criticism. However, the values ​​and behavior of parents in them sharply diverge from universal moral values, which negatively affects the moral character of children raised in such families. A characteristic feature of these families is that the relationships of their members at the external, social level make a favorable impression. However, they have a destructive impact on the personal development of children.

Trouble in the family can manifest itself in varying degrees. There are three groups of families in which the degree of disadvantage manifests itself to varying degrees.

Families in which problems have minor manifestations, are at the initial stage of development of troubles. They are called conditionally adapted, preventive. These are generally prosperous families, but experiencing temporary problems and difficulties. Every family has a risk of finding themselves in a difficult life situation.

Families in which several functions are disrupted and social contradictions and relationships between family members with each other and the environment are aggravated to a critical level. This type of family is classified as a crisis or “at-risk” family.

Families who faced a lot of difficulties and often lost all life perspective in relation to their fate and the fate of their own children. In these types of families, dysfunction manifests itself to a greater extent, which is why most researchers call them dysfunctional families.

If a prosperous family cannot cope with temporary problems and difficult life situations that have arisen, then it can be classified as a family at risk. Similarly, if a family at risk does not resolve the contradictions that have arisen on its own or with the help of specialists and the crisis situation drags on, worsens and, as a result, actualizes other contradictions, then it may become unfavorable. At the same time, the opposite reversal may occur. So, for example, timely social and pedagogical assistance provided to a family at risk will allow it to not become disadvantaged in the future, but may become conditionally adapted and even prosperous.

A family at risk may be classified as such by the manifestation of one or more risk factors.

.Socio-economic factors (unemployed families, families leading an immoral lifestyle, large and single-parent families, low-income families, minor parents);

.Socio-cultural factors (families whose parents are characterized by different levels of general culture, have different levels of education: secondary, higher);

.Demographic factor as an indicator of the structure and composition of the family (full, maternal, complex, simple, one child, large), as well as place and living conditions (rural area, city, metropolis);

.Medical and biological factors (impairments in physical and mental development, hereditary causes, diseases of the mother, her lifestyle, etc.);

.Psychological factors (self-acceptance, alienation from the social environment, neurotic reactions, impaired communication with others, emotional instability, difficulties in communication, interaction with peers and adults, failure in activities, failure in social adaptation);

.Pedagogical factors (low level of spiritual and pedagogical culture of parents, lack of uniform tactics for raising children).

Trouble in the family is a definite factor in the maladjustment of children. There are different approaches to solve this problem:

· correction of intrafamily relationships;

· providing the child with an individual approach to learning;

· inclusion of the teenager in class-wide and school-wide activities;

· assistance in choosing a further educational route;

· orientation in choosing a profession;

· developing skills that facilitate the socialization of a teenager;

· organizing individual consultations with a psychologist;

· inclusion of a teenager in a training group to develop the ability to effectively interact with the social environment and make significant changes in their life;

· training in techniques for relieving unfavorable conditions.

2.2 Technologies of social work with families

) information function:

· collecting vital information about the various families in the region served, their needs and problems;

· transfer of received information to authorities and departments that are able to provide assistance to the family.

) preparation of documents:

· generation of necessary documentation;

· assistance in writing statements and other documents to individual family members;

4) intermediary function:

· organizing communication between the family and the necessary structures or specialists;

· establishing contacts between them;

5) control: obtaining information about the assistance provided to the family and its effectiveness;

) social service:

· providing the family with various types of benefits (money, medicine, food, clothing, tickets, vouchers, etc.);

· providing assistance at home, performing one-time errands.

Based on this, the social worker is called upon to perform the following functions:

· diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potential);

· security and protective (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms);

· organizational and communicative (organizing communication, initiating joint activities, joint leisure, creativity);

· social, psychological and pedagogical (psychological and pedagogical education of family members, provision of emergency psychological assistance, preventive support);

· prognostic (modeling situations and developing specific targeted assistance programs);

· coordination (establishing and maintaining connections, combining the efforts of departments of assistance to families and children, departments of family problems of internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services);

· internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services.

Social work with young families.

Most young people at the beginning of their married life are faced with problems that they may have heard about before, but did not think they would have to solve. In modern conditions, a young family is not always able to get out of difficult life situations on its own; it needs outside help. Such assistance can be provided by social protection services and a social work specialist, helping to restore the status and role of a young family through the use of social work technologies.

A stable, prosperous family can function only with certain preparation of young people for joint family life. The efforts of social work specialists should be aimed at restoring the status and role of the young family as an institution of primary socialization of a person. This is precisely what the actions of all social services and specialists working with young families should be aimed at.

The task of a social worker is to help create a sense of security in the family; he must be firmly convinced of the correctness of his actions, and be able to clearly state his goals to the clients with whom he intends to work. The responsibilities of a social work specialist when working with young families include:

· preparing young people for marriage;

· advising those getting married on issues of their compatibility in future family life;

· conducting a sociological study of young families in the Russian Federation;

· organizing monitoring of the activities of regional and municipal public associations and clubs;

· development of methodological recommendations for organizing work with young families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

· development of methodological recommendations for youth affairs specialists on working with young families in difficult life situations;

· participation in the organization and holding of seminars, conferences on young family issues and festivals of young families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

· development and distribution of information materials to help young families.

Social work with single-parent families.

A single-parent or single-parent family consists of a single mother (single father) with a child (children); divorced woman (divorced man) with child (children); widow (widower) with a child or children. It is obvious that single-parent families are more susceptible to negative factors. In such families, the roles and functions of both parents are forced to be performed by one. Normally, the family has certain functions: reproductive, educational, household, economic, leisure, social and status.

In single-parent families, these functions can be distorted, which affects the status of family members, the process of socialization of the child, the formation of his value system and worldview. One of the problems in such families is loneliness, and potentially all its members are susceptible to it.

Social work with a single-parent family is assistance to the family from society, the state as a whole, through legislation and regulations that provide social protection and adaptation of the institution of the family and individual groups of the population.

Let us name the main forms of state assistance to single-parent families:

· social patronage;

· provision of temporary shelter;

· social services in hospitals;

· material aid;

· organization of day care in family social service institutions;

· advisory assistance;

· rehabilitation services.

Government services providing assistance to single-parent families in solving their problems:

· Court: considers cases of divorce, transfer of a child to one of the parents, division of property, deprivation of parental rights. Also provides assistance in collecting child support from the father (mother) of the child.

· Territorial law enforcement agencies: identify and work with families who are characterized by deviations from legal norms, child abuse, prepare documents on deprivation of parental rights, etc.;

· Social Protection Committee of the local government. In the person of the child protection inspector, he participates in the preparation of cases of deprivation of parental rights and goes to court with claims, develops proposals on with whom the child should be left when a divorce is filed, helps divorced parents decide on the nature of participation in raising children;

· Territorial bodies of social protection of the population: provide assistance in obtaining benefits for children, pensions, and also provide information about benefits;

· Psychological assistance services to the population: provide psychotherapeutic and consulting services to single parents in solving their pedagogical and personal problems;

· Employment services: assist in finding a suitable place of work for single parents, including with a special schedule.

Social work with large families.

Social work with large families is aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relationships, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved in the socio-economic situation and focusing on the realization of socializing potential.

Social work with a large family is aimed at improving its well-being and ensuring its functioning in the interests of society. And although in recent years there have been fewer such families in the Russian Federation, their problems are getting worse. Social work with this category of families involves:

· material support;

· assistance in overcoming dependent life attitudes,

· mastering the techniques of services (home hairdresser, seamstress, massage therapist, etc.);

· increasing the level of legal literacy, familiarization with the content of regulatory documents in order to receive declared benefits;

· minimizing the feeling of loneliness, forgetfulness, difference;

· exchange of experience in organizing family life;

· expanding your social circle;

· psychological and pedagogical education;

· assistance in career guidance and employment of family members.

Let us list various institutions and services that provide practical assistance to large families.

· Local social services: receive information about the needs and needs of families;

· Health care institutions: provide practical medical care;

· Various children's and youth organizations: organize leisure and recreation for children from large families;

· Employment centers: provide employment assistance to parents with many children and provide their children with the opportunity to work part-time during school or during the summer holidays.

Social work with families with an unfavorable psychological microclimate, conflictual relationships, and pedagogical failure of parents.

Principles of working with dysfunctional families:

) non-use of accusations and reproaches, even well-deserved ones; instead - social protection, creating confidence in the possibility of overcoming the crisis;

) individual approach: solving specific problems of a particular family and child in real life conditions and places of their stay;

) trusting relationship between the social worker and all members of a dysfunctional family;

) building relationships with the family on a business basis using methods such as a contract, a plan;

) respect for the norms and values ​​of family members;

) orientation to development, based on the positive potential of the family, its ability to self-help;

) use of a wide range of methods and approaches in the work of specialists.

Stages of working with a dysfunctional family:

· acquaintance;

· joining the family;

· family studies;

· analysis of the information received;

· correction, restoration of relationships within the family;

· leaving the family.

The main goal of working with parents is to eliminate the shortcomings of family education, prevent and correct disharmonious family relationships.

Tasks of working with parents:

· outreach work: explaining the influence of the type of family upbringing and marital relationships on the development of negative deviations in the behavior of children. The work is carried out both at the federal/regional levels and at the level of educational institutions. The forms of such work are thematic parent meetings with the participation of specialists, conversations, seminars, lectures, etc.;

· diagnostic work: diagnosing parents’ attitudes towards their family and children, such as family upbringing. The results make it possible to obtain information about possible deviations in the family education system and to identify areas of possible problems in those families where the imbalance has not yet occurred, but there are already negative trends. The work is carried out in a group or individual way using test questionnaires;

· correctional work: restoration of normal relationships between its members and correction of existing deviations in family education. The forms of correctional work are very diverse: joint group psychotherapy of children and parents, group family psychotherapy, individual psychotherapeutic work with an individual family or its individual member.

Thus, the work of social work specialists with families with an unfavorable psychological microclimate, conflictual relationships, and pedagogical failure of parents should be focused on the implementation of a set of measures for the early detection and prevention of conflict and family dysfunction. This work also includes activities to create conditions for the social rehabilitation of crisis families and correct the current family situation.

2.3 Family policy as a current area of ​​social work

The family is a special social institution, a transmitter of fundamental values ​​from generation to generation, an intermediary between the individual and the state. The public need for a strong family policy is due to a number of reasons. First of all, it is an essential social tool that unites society, reduces social tension based on the actualization of family values ​​and family lifestyle. Family policy makes it possible to ensure coordination of the activities of social institutions in the interests of the family in all spheres of its functioning, to identify and comprehend the features of interaction between society and the family as a social community. Family policy, aimed not only at supporting individual families, but also at overcoming the crisis of the family as such, is a vital necessity. The development trends of the modern family are determined by:

.Pan-European processes of transformation of the family and family values, including their crisis and modernization aspects (increasing share of cohabitation without marriage registration, high proportion of children born out of wedlock, later marriage, etc.).

.Reforms in the economic and social sphere of Russia over the past twenty years have determined the specifics of family development characteristic of countries with transition economies, which, in turn, has updated the development of effective family policy.

.The institution of the family in Russia is characterized by a significant mosaic, a variety of models, including both patriarchal and modern.

The problem of unsatisfactory performance by the family of its functions is, for the most part, a problem of the relationship and interaction of society and the family. Understanding at the state level of transformation and crisis as a threat to national security and as a problem requiring an urgent solution serves as an incentive to develop family policy models that are adequate to modern realities. World experience shows that family problems are more effectively solved with the help of targeted state family policy. Systems of such policies, created in many countries of the world, play an important role in the development and implementation of national programs for the development and strengthening of the family.

The solution to all problems without exception depends on the effectiveness of family policy - from ensuring security, population reproduction to the formation of human capital, which creates conditions for a competitive economy and, ultimately, historical survival. The state's interest in family policy has a pragmatic basis - first of all, from the point of view of the need to overcome depopulation and form an individual who is ready to act not only in his own interests, but also in the interests of society. Creating the most favorable conditions for creating a family, having and raising children, and improving the quality and life expectancy is the main means of overcoming unfavorable demographic trends.

When considering the need to implement a new concept and program measures for effective family policy, it is necessary to rely on qualitatively different moral guidelines than the “achievement morality” of success that has taken a dominant position in modern society. The harsh conditions of a competitive society force both women and men to choose: career or family. And people often make a choice in favor of the strategy that is more welcomed in society.

It is necessary to ensure a wave of social change, in which the state and other public institutions will give support for the family, the birth and upbringing of children a new priority status; implement a new concept of family policy that recognizes the social and personal significance of family life.

In the history of Russia, the only concept characterizing the strategic development of family policy was approved on May 12, 1993 by the National Council for the preparation and implementation of the International Year of the Family in the Russian Federation (Concept of State Family Policy of the Russian Federation). The concept considered state family policy as an integral part of Russian social policy and was based on the need for structural changes aimed at mutual adaptation of the family and the economy during the period of reforms. With the adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Main Directions of State Family Policy” (dated May 14, 1996 No. 712), family policy for the first time received a state definition.

The development of state family policy in the medium and long term is determined by the extent to which family problems and the need to solve them are reflected in the country’s socio-economic development strategy. Family problems are not reflected in the directions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the medium term and the Concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2008 N 1662-r. However, within the framework of the “Main Directions of Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2012,” the need to prepare and implement a program to promote family values ​​is noted.

In recent years, positive trends have emerged in the activities of the state in relation to the family. There has been an increased awareness in society of the need to take radical measures to strengthen the family, to implement family policy as an independent direction of social policy.

At the same time, the country has not yet managed to achieve the necessary harmony and complexity in the implementation of state family policy. The current state family policy in its content and results is not adequate to the needs of both the family and the state. The country has not yet succeeded in creating a system of state family policy or developing its legal framework. The prevailing approach is that social, demographic and family policies are identified. The functions of family policy are not clearly defined and are extremely insufficiently included in the practical activities of government bodies.

When solving economic, political, and other government problems, the rights and interests of the family are not deliberately studied and taken into account to the required extent. Many problems that arose during the transition to market relations (privatization, taxation, family entrepreneurship, lending, etc.) have not been resolved in the interests of the family. In the new conditions, the experience of family support accumulated in past years has not been rethought. There is an underestimation of the legal capacity of the family (to have rights and fulfill responsibilities), the need to give the family a full social status, and to ensure legal regulation of the family’s relations with the state and its institutions.

The activities of government bodies have not reflected the most important issues related to the life of non-marginal families, assistance to them in the implementation of basic functions, and the development of the family economy, culture, and education. The tasks of conducting a social examination of decisions made in the regions from the point of view of their impact on the life of the family are underestimated. Programs often do not meet the requirements for this type of document. Their complexity is often expressed only in the combination of activities related to different areas of social policy. Often, programs do not present concepts and mechanisms for implementing planned measures.

The policy pursued in the country as a whole does not correspond to the real state and development trends of the social institution of the family, the problems of which require special study, comprehensive scientific development of the features and trends of its functioning in modern conditions, scientific justification of the goals and objectives, functions, methods of social organization, specific types of activities , systems of social status roles, development and implementation of the concept and program of family policy.

fertility risk large family

Conclusion

The problems of the modern family are among the most important and pressing. Its significance is determined by the fact that, firstly, the family is one of the main systems of society, the cornerstone of human life. Secondly, this system is currently experiencing a deep crisis, which has led to a drop in the birth rate, family instability, an increase in the number of divorces, an increase in the number of childless families, and the refusal to have an only child. The reasons for the crisis situation of families are economic and social. When forecasting family and marital relations, it should be borne in mind that the family is under the threat of not one, but several global trends that have affected our society (transition to the market, democratization of society, informatization of society, increasing personal potential, the growing role of women in public life ).

In modern conditions, the social functions of the family are changing significantly. The development of the modern family is largely associated with the increasing role and importance of personal potential in family relationships. A new attitude is developing towards each family member as an individual.

It is necessary for society, through the state, to create favorable conditions to maintain the stability of the modernized family system and to increase the authority of the family community in the public consciousness. To solve these problems, it is necessary to formulate new political approaches and a specific legislative framework for state family policy.

An analysis of the current situation shows the need for state support for the young primary cell of society. At the same time, we are not talking about supporting family dependency, we are talking about creating a favorable space for the functioning of the family, conditions for the self-realization of its interests. Federal laws are needed, which should contain effective mechanisms that allow a young family to independently solve housing, social, financial and other problems.

Families in crisis need special attention and require active intervention from not only social workers, but also law enforcement agencies, health care and educational institutions.

And in this work, I studied the technologies of social work with families, and covered in detail the problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society.

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