Coursework on the subject “Psychology”

Performed by IV year student N.V. Spasikova.

Tver College of Culture named after. N.A.Lvova

Extramural

Tver 2004

Introduction.

The child becomes smarter “before our eyes”, is constantly curious, fantasizes, concludes something, compares, generalizes, looks for causes and consequences, strives to highlight the main thing, and shows the ability to be creative.

The ability to be creative is manifested in the constant desire to fantasize and compose something, invent and play mischief. Many parents worry whether the liar is growing up, or whether the qualities of a deceiver and a liar are developing? This is a misconception, so in my work I set a goal - to understand, if possible, the issue of children's fantasy, which is closely related to imagination (sometimes even these terms are used as synonyms). The natural question is what are children's fantasies and imagination, do they need to be corrected by parents, teachers, and educators?

Learning to distinguish fantasy from reality is one of the most difficult tasks a child faces. It is no secret that pedagogy and psychology have proven that children of all ages fight (I am not afraid of this word) for complete freedom, express their “I” (remember the “psychological umbilical cord”), sharp and rude intervention of adults in the world of fantasy will only bring harm to the child and parents, will cause protest behavior and emotional disturbances.

Fantasy is the source of human creative spirituality. If there were no imagination there would be no music, painting, literature, love. By allowing a child to fantasize, we move away from standards in thinking, behavior, and expression of emotions.

Edda Le Jean, in her wonderful book “When Your Child Drives You Crazy,” defines the role of fantasies in the development and life of a child.

“Fantasy helps to understand the child’s actions, to understand what is going on in his soul.”

At the same time, fantasy is one of the most important ways to learn how to behave in real life. It is most clearly manifested in children's role-playing play. By portraying mom, dad, doctor, teacher and other people, the child, as it were, prepares himself for the future, for adult life, “trying on” adult roles.

Playing fantastic roles allows the child to cope with new situations and relationships with peers and adults. Naturally, you can’t rehearse your whole life, but play fantasies help you be prepared for traumatic events, develop psychological defense mechanisms, overcome fears and solve your problems on your own. Toys provide a huge help in realizing children's fantasies.

And finally, fantasy is a source of creativity in its rudimentary form, if we mean a preschool child. Dreamers, after growing up, change the world, create poetry, music, paintings, and make incredible discoveries. If our children did everything only according to the model, only according to the instructions of an adult, then we would not be able to enjoy their fairy tales, fables, or ordinary drawings. They would all look alike.

Let me give you an example when parents were faced with the dynamics of fantasy turning into a serious disorder of psycho-emotional development.

6-year-old Dasha has very smart parents, and her grandmother is smarter than everyone else put together. Dasha can write and count. And in this “exemplary” family, strange things begin to happen - Dasha is transforming before our eyes. She stopped studying music and English, met a girl 1.5 years younger than herself, and often left home at night, leaving notes that went something like this: “Mom, don’t worry, everything is fine. We have long since turned into panthers. Dasha the Panther..."

And the reason for the girl’s behavior was that she lived between two fires - on the one hand, the grandmother, who believed that she was right in raising Dasha, the mother defended her point of view. The child's torn psyche cannot withstand a double attack.

Dasha’s favorite fairy tale is “Mowgli,” and the panther Bagheera is a symbol of independence and freedom. That is why she identifies herself in her fantasies with this strong, flexible and proud animal. A little friend from a dysfunctional family for Dasha Mowgli, a creature she cares for and loves. They feel good together and Dasha the Panther gives all her positive emotions to her friend Mowgli. But something is bad for both of them in the jungle at home, and they decide to run away, to run away from adults who are unable to understand and help them, into their fantasy world, where they are calm and joyful.

It was difficult for the mother to accept and understand the true reasons for the child’s serious emotional disorder. Fantasies, up to a certain point, were a signal of trouble, but ignorance of their significance in the process of emotional development led to serious problems.

If we mean younger schoolchildren, then systematic educational activities help teachers develop in children such an important mental ability as imagination. Most of the information communicated to primary schoolchildren by teacher and student takes the form of verbal descriptions, pictures and diagrams. Each time, schoolchildren must recreate for themselves an image of activity (the behavior of the characters in the story, events of the past, unprecedented landscapes, the imposition of geometric shapes in space, etc.).

The development of the ability to achieve this comes in two main stages. “The initially recreated images very roughly characterize the real object; the details are poor.” These images are static because they do not represent the changes and actions of objects and their relationships. The construction of such images requires a verbal description or picture (and they are also very specific in content).

At the beginning of the 2nd grade, and then in the 3rd grade, the second stage is observed. First of all, the number of signs and properties in images increases significantly. They acquire sufficient completeness and specificity, which occurs mainly due to the recreation in them of elements of action and the interrelations of the objects themselves. First-graders most often imagine only the initial and final states of some moving object. 3rd grade students can successfully imagine and depict many intermediate states of an object, both directly indicated in the text and implied by the nature of the movement itself. Children can recreate images of reality without their direct description or without special specification, without their direct description or without special specification, guided by memory or a general diagram-graph. So, they can write a long exposition on a story they listened to at the very beginning of the lesson, or solve mathematical problems, the conditions of which are given in the form of an abstract graphic diagram.

One schoolboy asked the writer Gianni Rodari: “What needs to be done and how to work to become a storyteller?”

“Teach mathematics properly,” he heard in response.

Indeed, the ability to create something new and extraordinary is laid down in childhood, through the development of higher mental functions, such as thinking and imagination. It is their development that needs to be given the greatest attention in raising a child from five to twelve years old. Scientists call this period sensitive, that is, the most favorable for the development of imaginative thinking and imagination.

What is imagination and what are its types?

“Imagination is the ability, inherent only in humans, to create new images (ideas) by processing previous experience.” As I have already noted, imagination is often called fantasy.

Imagination is the highest mental function and reflects reality. However, with the help of imagination, a mental departure beyond the limits of the immediate perceived is carried out. Its main task is to present the expected result before its implementation. With the help of imagination, we form an image of an object, situation, or condition that has never existed or does not currently exist.

The imagination of a five-year-old child allows him to perceive the most fantastic, fairy-tale images and situations as real. Ten-year-old children enthusiastically tell each other scary stories. And the scarier the better. And a little later they “boast” about friends and relatives who have found themselves in such situations or have qualities that cannot be called anything other than extraordinary. These fantasies often harm such children (for example, a unique profession, outstanding abilities, extreme physical strength, etc.). They are accused of lying, shamed, and children tease them as “liars.” Nevertheless, the child again and again invents the most incredible stories, often with his personal participation, which supposedly happened in reality.

What makes a child embark on these adventures, to the detriment of even his own interests? The answer is clear: only an active imagination.

Imagination is characterized by activity and effectiveness. An advanced reflection of reality occurs in the imagination in the form of vivid ideas and images. For a more complete idea of ​​the types and methods of imagination, let me use the diagram:

IMAGINATION

(fantasy)

Psychological function,

aimed at creating

new images

Imagination can be reconstructive (creating an image of an object according to its description) and creative (creating new images that require the selection of materials in accordance with the plan). The creation of imaginary images is carried out using several methods. As a rule, they are used by a person (and especially a child) unconsciously. The first such method is agglutination, that is, “gluing together” different parts that are incompatible in everyday life. An example is the classic fairy tale character of a man-beast or a man-bird (for example, a centaur or a phoenix).

In this article:

Childhood can usually be compared to a long and wonderful fairy tale.. For a child, life begins with magical stories that moms and dads read to him. He develops, plays - his games become more and more complex. This speaks of the awakening of imagination and fantasy - after all, they are not born together in us, but appear much later. Now life is filled with colors.

For preschool children, it is important how well their abstract thinking is developed. Express your thoughts on paper, play little plays with dolls and other children- all this helps them develop emotionally.

Without imagination, our world will become dull. However, its level and presence indicate that the psyche is going through a certain stage of improvement. Parents can easily interest their child in educational games, and as a result, he will gain invaluable experience.

The world of childhood - fantasy and fairy tale

A child was born. He still lacks the concept of imagination. As such, it occurs in children at the age of 3
life. By this age, a certain amount of experience has accumulated: the baby knows the names and purposes of many objects, he has heard stories and fairy tales, and standards of behavior in different situations have appeared for him. Without this, the development of imagination is impossible.

Imagination is given to us as one of the mechanisms of the psyche. Too active imagination means withdrawal from real life, the desire to hide where there are no problems. At such an early age, living only by imagination is not good: this indicates problems in the child’s adaptation. But lack of imagination is also a problem, indicating improper development of the psyche.

It is completely normal for a 3-4 year old child to intertwine reality and fairy tales, bringing enough imagination into life to make it more complete. This is part of logical thinking. He knows about the world, but not everything - what is unknown must be invented, thought out, formed.

If you work with children correctly, you can discover that already at the age of 4-5 they have talents for drawing, modeling, and creating stories. Don’t hide such “rosy” sides of your baby’s personality. This is as important as the ability to read, write, and speak. By the way, speech and imagination are closely related.

Preschool age

When you send your child to kindergarten, be prepared: this is a powerful breakthrough for his development. Here are communications with adults, first acquaintances with children and joint games. What is a game? A set of toys suddenly acquires a “story”. The child invents his own rules by which the game characters will live here and now. In his head there is some plan for how the game will go.

First, this is a repetition of well-known scenarios. The tale of Snow White or Sleeping Beauty, stories that mother told at night. A well-known plot is sometimes played out word for word. There are no limits to the imagination - the simplest things become “magical”. The box is a “throne”, the cubes are “ rejuvenating apples", hair clip - “royal crown”. For preschool children, this behavior is most normal.

They begin to create their own world around them. At an early age, the role of imagination is much stronger, and later it is believed to fade into the background. Of course, this doesn't happen for everyone. Creative people use their imagination to implementation of plans: paintings, books, sculptures.

Young children do not have a critical attitude towards themselves and their thoughts. They do not know the laws of physics and chemistry, or our world as a whole. They will explain complex processes and phenomena in simple words. “The man was seriously ill, the doctor gave him a magic pill - he immediately recovered.” The child’s psyche is a subtle and complex instrument. Gradually, he will begin to see the world as adults see it, but for now it is better to replace the incomprehensible and scary with simple explanations. This is the role of imagination in a child’s life.

Why do you need imagination?

Before developing imagination in children, parents need to understand the main thing: why do they need it?

Children see the world differently than we do. It has a place for everything wonderful, unusual, fabulous. The development of imagination is important, because it is an indicator of how a child, and then an adult, can adapt to any environment. IN this process a lot is included:

• experience and knowledge;
• the ability to explain the phenomenon;
• desire to explain something you don’t understand;
• interest in life.

You can see how well fantasy works by simply telling your child a new fairy tale. And now he is already the captain of a pirate ship, looking for treasure, fighting enemies and winning.

Imagination is the reaction of our psyche to impressions,
experiences, new experiences. Thus, older children, reading a book, suddenly begin to see themselves as its heroes. Pictures of what you read appear before your eyes.

At 3-4 years old, new neural connections are formed. The more there are, the more a person will be capable of. Their formation is influenced by the ability to dream, fantasize, invent, and invent something new.

Even at such a young age, the baby already has a lot of interesting things in his fantasies. For preschool age, the first meeting with life's difficulties goes through the experience of imagination.

Types of imagination

Imagination is usually divided into two types:

Involuntary-passive

A great example is dreams. Here development proceeds by itself: the child begins to think - he has a certain picture before your eyes. This could be his fantasy about himself, the idea of ​​some possible events, desires.

This type of imagination is already developed in children of early preschool age, at 3-4 years of age. This is our involuntary action, aimed at creating images. It requires knowledge about the world.

Voluntary active

This type of imagination occurs when specific problems need to be solved. For preschool children, for the purpose of their development, games are recommended when you need to imagine
something, invent, invent. This also includes logic games.

The development of this type comes somewhat later, usually when the child becomes more independent. Children under 4 years old They still have difficulty solving such problems, because their speech is not sufficiently developed, and their experience is still quite small.

The Importance of Developing Imagination

Imagination plays a huge role in our lives. We say “imagine...”, but for the other’s imagination this is already an impetus to action. An image appears in my head, completely unique. We hear the story, and its heroes are already “visible” to us.

Our brain itself
builds them, offers us a picture of what is happening with lightning speed. Everyone imagines the same fairy tale hero differently.

Developing imagination is one of the ways to prepare a child to solve many pressing problems. In the future, we will have to look for ways to solve difficult situations. At home, at work, in communication with someone. It is our imagination that tells us what to do.. Having experience gives you options. That is why the correct and timely development of the ability to fantasize is so important.

Speech and fantasy

The level of speech development plays an important role. If speech development is delayed, then abstract thinking, the child’s imagination also lags behind.

Speech is the connecting link between what is happening inside us and outside. This is a way to convey information about
our desires, needs, ideas. In preschool children, speech should already be developed at a sufficient level to be able to explain their actions.

Classes with a child 3-5 years old

Developing imagination in children is not difficult, but very interesting. Adult a person can offer a child a lot, because his experience and knowledge are priceless.

How to properly work with your baby? Patiently, without aggression, without coercion. Forcing someone to enjoy something is wrong. Development should take place only in comfortable conditions, where there are no boundaries for imagination and dreams.

Drawing

Everything here is more or less clear. Children begin to be interested in drawing immediately. Of course, at 1-3 years old these are just colorful scribbles. But give more markers, safe pencils and crayons - let the child see everything
color variety. At this age you can draw while the child watches often asks you to draw something. What? Things, objects, people familiar to him.

At 4-5, the child can already draw on his own.. The development of fine motor skills allows not only drawing, but also coloring. Teach him to draw neatly. You can draw together: mom starts and baby finishes. Preschool children do not immediately develop the ability to invent stories themselves - this is precisely the development of imagination. Help him, first make simple shapes and familiar objects: cups, the sun, a cat, people.

Later, offer him a topic - let the child draw what he wants, but within certain specified limits. What matters here is how much he can follow your request. If you ask him to draw a house, and he draws the sun, there is something wrong with his logical thinking and perception.

Of course, you need to give kids freedom. A white sheet of paper, pencils and whatever he comes up with. Very soon you will need a lot of paper, because children love to try to put all their thoughts on paper– everything that comes to mind. The more complex the images, the better. This is how the imagination begins to break through.

Dialogues with dolls

Playing out little scenes with dolls is one of children's favorite activities. Even the child himself, playing without you, can babble some descriptions of actions and come up with dialogues.

You can set a theme and perform a small performance.
For example, read a story, and then offer to bring it to life with the help of dolls. When the plot is finished, ask: what happened next? Come up with a continuation of the story of your heroes together.

In the same way, you can invent new fairy tales of your own. In preschool children, imagination comes with experience. The first time such a game can be confusing, but very soon the child will happily invent his own fairy tales. The development of abstract thinking occurs gradually.

Association game

Invite your child to come up with associations. This developmental game is suitable for children aged 4 years and older. The simplest associations:

• Mother;
• summer;
• family;
• Friends;
• kindergarten;
• friendship;
• tasty.

Offer him the floor, and sort out the answer together. Why does he think this way? Associations should be logical, but easy for children to come to mind. The richer his speech and vocabulary, the more he will like the game. After all, the word “summer” can have a million associations.

Comfortable environment for mental development

For preschool children, it is important that their imagination is not limited by any boundaries.

Reality and imagination are different concepts that cannot be mixed. Tell yourself that you are completely open in your activities..

Now it is important that he allows love within himself
new possibilities: magic, unicorns, magic and fairy tales. Freedom of imagination is very important for mental development. It will help you avoid problems such as complexes.

If we cannot create something important, wonderful, exciting even in our heads, then what will we be capable of in life? Give children the opportunity to imagine.

The more interesting and unusual their stories and games, the better. Of course, watch what they do and say. Correct and install boundaries of what is permitted- Different things. The development of imagination should take place in a safe environment. Where there will be no ridicule and ridicule of the child and his ideas.

First, let's look at what imagination and fantasy are? These are types of thinking, this is the ability to mentally imagine what is not there from what is in memory. In other words, imagination is an active creative process of creating new knowledge (new ideas) from old knowledge. What is the difference between fantasy and imagination? If imagination is the ability to mentally create new ideas and images of possible and impossible objects based on real knowledge, then fantasy is also the creation of new, but unrealistic, fabulous, yet impossible situations and objects, say, but also on based on real knowledge. For example: the winged horse Pegasus, the Death's Head in Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila", the fables of Baron Munchausen, Pinocchio, the Steadfast Tin Soldier - these are fantastic images.

There are several types of imagination:

1. Recreating is the representation of images according to a pre-compiled description, for example, when reading books, poems, notes, drawings, mathematical symbols. Otherwise, this type of imagination is called reproductive, reproducing, remembering.

2. Creative is the independent creation of new images according to one’s own design. Children call this “out of the head.” It is this type of imagination that will be the subject of our study and development in children.

3. The uncontrollable is what is called a “wild fantasy,” an absurdity, a set of unrelated absurdities.

How is fantasy and imagination different from serious problem solving?

When imagining, the child himself creates any plot he wants, including a fairy tale, any situation he wants, any problem he wants, and solves it himself in any way he wants. Any solution is acceptable. And when solving real problems, the child is looking not for any solution, but for a real, “adult”, serious, feasible solution. In both cases, he creates, but with fantasy there is more freedom, since there are no prohibitions from physical laws and much knowledge is not required. That is why it is better to begin the development of children’s thinking with the development of imagination.

What is the difference between fantasy and stupidity?

When fantasy is harmful, it becomes stupidity. Stupidity is a stupid, ridiculous, unnecessary, unreasonable, incorrect, harmful, inappropriate act or statement that does not bring honor to the one who committed it. Of course, one must take into account the person’s age, conditions and goals of the action.

Is all fantasy good? There is a general criterion for assessing the quality of all affairs on Earth - this is an increase in goodness in the world.

The classic vehicle of fantasy is the fairy tale.

What is the difference between a fairy tale and science fiction? In science fiction, technically feasible situations, elements or processes are considered, and in a fairy tale, any. It should be noted that there is also no sharp boundary between fantastic and real solutions. For example, what was considered fantasy in the time of Jules Verne is now everyday reality. G. A. Altshuller calculated that out of 108 (!) ideas and forecasts of J. Verne, 99 (90%) were implemented. Herbert Wells has 77 out of 86, Alexander Belyaev has 47 out of 50.

When a child selflessly tells fables with his own participation, he is not lying; in our usual understanding, he is composing. It doesn't matter to him whether it's real or not real. And this shouldn’t be important to us, what’s important is that the child’s brain works and generates ideas. However, you should still pay attention to what the child dreams of. If he talks all the time about his non-existent friends, about gentle parents or about toys, then maybe he suffers, dreams about it and thus pours out his soul? Help him immediately.

Why develop fantasy and imagination?

They say: “Without imagination there is no consideration.” A. Einstein considered the ability to imagine higher than knowledge, because he believed that without imagination it is impossible to make discoveries. K. E. Tsiolkovsky believed that cold mathematical calculation is always preceded by imagination.

Sometimes in everyday life fantasy and imagination are understood as something empty, unnecessary, lightweight, and not having any practical application. In fact, as practice has shown, a well-developed, bold, controlled imagination is an invaluable property of original, non-standard thinking.

It is difficult for children to think “according to the laws,” but if they are taught to fantasize and not be criticized for it, then children fantasize easily and with pleasure, especially if they are also praised.

Apparently, this is how children subconsciously learn to think - through play. We need to take advantage of this and develop imagination and imagination from early childhood. Let children “invent their own bicycles.” Anyone who did not invent bicycles as a child will not be able to invent anything at all.

How to develop fantasy and imagination in children?

There are three laws for the development of creative imagination:

1. The creative activity of the imagination is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person’s previous personal experience.

Indeed, every imagination is built from real elements; the richer the experience, the richer the imagination. Hence the corollary: we need to help the child accumulate experience, images and knowledge (erudition) if we want him to be a creative person.

2. You can imagine something that you haven’t seen yourself, but have heard or read about, that is, you can fantasize based on someone else’s experience. For example, you can imagine an earthquake or a tsunami, although you have never seen it. Without training it is difficult, but possible.

Ways to develop fantasy and imagination

Let's list the main ways to develop fantasy and imagination, and then consider methods for developing creative imagination. It is ideal if the child himself wants and develops his fantasy and imagination. How to achieve this?

1. Create motivation!

2. Convince that fantasizing is not a shame, but is very prestigious and useful for the child personally. They don't understand this yet. You need a game and bright emotions. Children's logic is not yet strong.

3. It should be interesting to fantasize. Then, having fun, the child will quickly master the ability to fantasize, and then the ability to imagine, and then to think rationally. Preschoolers are interested not in reasoning, but in events.

4. Make children fall in love with you (attraction). On this “wave of love” they trust you more and listen more willingly.

5. By your own example. In early childhood, children copy the behavior of adults; it would be a shame not to take advantage of this. You are an authority for the child.

• at a tender age (2-6 years) - fairy tales, fantasy stories;
• in adolescence (7-14) - fantasy adventure novels (Jules Verne, Belyaev, Conan Doyle, Wells);
• in youth and in adulthood - good science fiction literature (Efremov, Strugatsky, Azimov, etc.).

Teach children to admire good imagination.

7. Stimulate imagination with questions. For example: “What happens if you grow wings. Where would you fly?

8. Putting children in difficult situations. Let them think for themselves and find a way out. Here, for example, is a classic problem: children are stranded on a desert island, how to survive?

9. “Give” children interesting plots and ask them to compose stories, fairy tales, and histories based on them.

10. Teach the following techniques for developing imagination and fantasizing.

Using the techniques below does not eliminate the need to think. Techniques “not instead of”, but “to help” fantasy, techniques indicate the directions of thinking. Knowledge of fantasy techniques leads children to mastering “adult” techniques for resolving contradictions and solving inventive problems.

Techniques for developing fantasy and imagination

Children know quite a lot of phenomena and laws of nature (for example, that all objects fall down, that heavy objects sink, liquids spill and do not have their own shape, water freezes, wood, paper, a candle burn). This knowledge is quite enough to fantasize fruitfully, but children do not know how to fantasize, that is, they do not know the techniques of fantasy.

Most fantasy techniques are associated with changes in laws or natural phenomena. Everything can be changed: any law of living and inanimate nature, any social law, the law can act in reverse, completely new laws can be invented, some existing laws can be excluded, laws can be made to act or not act at will, temporarily, periodically or unpredictably; You can change any living creature: people (all people have become honest!), animals, plants.

Below are 35 fantasy techniques:

1. Increase - decrease.

This is the simplest technique, it is widely used in fairy tales, epics, and fantasy. For example, Thumbelina, Thumb, Gulliver, Lilliputians, Gargantua and Pantagruel. You can increase and decrease almost everything: geometric dimensions, weight, height, volume, richness, distances, speeds.

It can be increased indefinitely from actual sizes to infinitely large and can be reduced from actual to zero, that is, until complete destruction.

Here are conversation games for mastering the “increase-decrease” technique.

1.1. The child is told: “Here is a magic wand, it can increase or decrease whatever you want. What would you like to increase and what would you like to decrease?

— I would like to reduce my vocal lessons and increase my free time.
— I would like to reduce homework.
— I want to enlarge the candy to the size of a refrigerator so that I can cut off pieces with a knife.
— I want to enlarge the raindrops to the size of a watermelon.

1.2. Complicate this game with additional questions: “What will come of this? Where it leads? Why do you want to increase or decrease?”

- Let your arms temporarily become so long that you can take an apple from a branch, or say hello through a window, or get a ball from the roof, or turn off the TV without getting up from the table.
- If the trees in the forest shrink to the size of grass, and the grass to the size of a matchstick, then it will be easy to look for mushrooms.
— If it is difficult for a child to fantasize independently, offer to fantasize together, ask him supporting questions.

1.3.What will happen if our nose lengthens for a while?

— You will be able to smell the flowers in the flowerbed without leaving your home; it will be possible to determine what delicious food your neighbors are preparing;
- That's good, but what's bad about it?
“There will be nowhere to put such a long nose, it will interfere with walking, traveling in public transport, it will even be uncomfortable to sleep, and in winter it will freeze.” No, I don't need that nose.

Invite your child to say what good and what bad will happen if we increase or decrease something. Who will be good and who will be bad? This is already a moral analysis of the situation.

1.4. Tell me, what will be good and what will be bad for you personally and for others if a wizard enlarges you 10 times? If your child finds it difficult to guess, help him with additional questions.

-What size will you be then?
- How many kilograms will you weigh?

- What will happen if your height decreases by 10 times?
- Agree, it would be great if you could change your height at will. For example, you are late for school: you increased the length of your legs or the frequency of your steps and quickly got to school, and then made your legs of normal length. Or another case. We need to cross the river, but there is no bridge nearby. No problem!
- I will be 15 m tall! This is the height of a five-story building!

Regarding weight, this is a tricky question. Usually the answer is: 10 times more. In fact, if you maintain all the proportions of the body, your weight will increase 1000 times! If a person weighed 50 kg, then he will weigh 50 tons! I will run faster than a car. I will be strong, and no one will dare to offend me, and I will be able to protect anyone. I will be able to bear enormous weights. I wonder which ones? Typically a person can lift half their body weight. Then I can lift 25 tons! This is good. What will be bad?

I won't fit in the class. You will have to sew huge clothes and shoes. It will be very difficult to feed me. If we assume that a person eats 2% of his body weight per day, then I will need food weighing 1 ton. I won't fit on any bus. Even on the street I will have to walk, bending under the wires. I won't have anywhere to live.

2. Adding one or more fantastic properties to one person or many people (as fragments or preparations for future fantastic works).

The technique of this type of fantasy is similar to the focal object method:

a) select several arbitrary objects of animate and/or inanimate nature;
b) formulate their properties, qualities, features or character traits. You can come up with new properties “out of your head”;
c) they endow a person with formulated properties and qualities.

For example, an eagle was chosen as an object (“property donor”). Qualities of an eagle: flies, has excellent eyesight, eats rodents, lives in the mountains.

- A man can fly like an eagle. It can be added: it can fly in the stratosphere, in near and deep space.
- A person has super-acute eagle vision, for example, he sees cells of living tissues, crystal lattices of metals, even atoms without a microscope; he sees the surface of stars and planets without a telescope and better than with a telescope. He sees through walls, walks down the street and sees what is happening in houses, and even penetrates walls himself, like an X-ray.
- Man eats eagle food - rodents, birds.
— The man is covered with feathers.

Continue fantasizing using this method, taking as the initial object: an electric light bulb, a fish (remember the amphibian man), a watch, glasses, a match, suspended animation (a sharp slowdown in life processes is very convenient: there is no money for food or nowhere to live - you fall into suspended animation) or the opposite of suspended animation (a sharp increase in life processes, a person does not know fatigue, moves with incredible speed, such a person will make a wonderful illusionist, or a runner, or an invincible fighter).

2.1. Think of sense organs that a person does not have, but could have.
For example, it would be a good idea to sense the presence of radiation in order to protect yourself from it. Generally speaking, we feel it when we suffer from radiation sickness.
It would be nice to feel nitrides and nitrates and other contaminants. There is a wonderful and rare feeling - this is a sense of proportion, not everyone has it.
It would be nice to feel when you make a mistake and when danger is approaching (figuratively speaking, the red light would light up in this case).

2.2. The time will come and it will be possible to change the internal organs. What might this look like?

2.3. Color-code people according to their moral qualities. For example, all honest people turned pink, all dishonest people turned purple, and all evil people turned blue. The more vile things a person has done, the darker the color. Describe what will happen to the world? Many probably would not have left the house.

3. An animated drawing.

You have received a wonderful gift, everything you draw comes to life! What would you draw?
Great people? Endangered animals?
New animals and plants?

4. Exclusion of certain human qualities.

List the properties and qualities of a person, and then exclude one or two properties and see what happens.

- The man is not sleeping.
— The person does not feel pain.
— The person has lost weight and sense of smell.

Name at least 10 vital qualities and properties of a person and think about the consequences of their loss.

5. Transformation of a person into any object.

A person turns into another person, into animals (birds, beasts, insects, fish), into plants (into oak, rose, baobab), into objects of inanimate nature (stone, wind, pencil). This is rich material for new fairy tales.

But the most important thing in this technique is the development of empathy - the ability to transform into another image and look at the world through his eyes.

Offer at least 10 examples of human transformation, for example in fairy tales.

6. Anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is the assimilation of a person, the endowment of human properties (speech, thinking, the ability to feel) of any objects - animate and inanimate: animals, plants, celestial bodies, mythical creatures.

Have you seen anywhere in the world
Are you young princess?
I'm her fiance. - My brother,
— The clear month answers, —
I have not seen the red maiden...

Here Pushkin endowed the month with the ability to see, recognize, sympathize and speak.

Remember 10 examples of anthropomorphism from fairy tales, myths and fables you know and come up with at least 10 examples of possible anthropomorphism yourself.

7. Giving inanimate objects the abilities and qualities of living beings.

Namely: the ability to move, think, feel, breathe, grow, rejoice, reproduce, joke, smile.

— The boy sits astride a stick and imagines it as a horse and himself as a rider.
- What living creature would you turn a balloon into?

Come up with at least 10 examples of such transformations.

8. Giving inanimate objects extraordinary properties.

For example, a stone. It glows, is always warm (never cools down!), you can warm your hands in cold weather, makes the water sweet and healing, and does not dissolve.

Contemplation of the stone inspires to write poetry and paint, etc.

Here is a good game for developing imagination. Children (or adults) stand in a circle. One is given a soft toy or a ball and asked to throw it to someone with warm words: “I’m giving you a little bunny,” or “Yurochka, I’m giving you a little goat, its horns haven’t grown yet,” or “Here, Masha, the big one.” candy,” or “I’m giving you a piece of my heart,” “I’m giving you a baby squirrel,” “This is a glass ball, don’t break it,” “This is a cactus, don’t prick yourself.”

9. Revival of dead people, animals, plants.

For example:

- What would happen if brontosaurs were resurrected?
— What else would Pushkin have created if he had not died so early?
You can “revive” all kinds of extinct animals and people!

Offer 10 options for such a game.

10. Revival of dead heroes of literary works, in particular, heroes of fairy tales.

— Did the fairy tale character die? It doesn’t matter, you just need to draw it and it will come to life.

Come up with continuations of fairy tales, provided that the heroes of the fairy tale did not die. The fox didn’t eat the bun, Ruslan didn’t cut off Chernomor’s beard, the Tin Soldier didn’t melt, Onegin didn’t kill Lensky.

Offer 10 options for such a game.

11. Revival of heroes of artistic paintings and sculptures.

Characters from paintings by famous artists came to life - barge haulers, hunters, Cossacks, archers.

Name 10 paintings by famous artists and suggest a continuation of the plot, provided that the characters come to life.

12. Changing the usual relationships between the heroes of fairy tales.

Let us recall the following situations: a pike sings a lullaby (“The Pike opens its mouth”); “The Gray Wolf serves her faithfully”; Brave Bunny; cowardly lion

Come up with a fairy tale with such an incredible plot: The fox has become the most simple-minded in the forest, and all the animals deceive her.

13. Metaphor.

Metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another based on a characteristic common to both objects. For example, “talk of waves”, “cold gaze”. Here is an excerpt made up of only metaphors:

On a thread of idle fun
He nizal with a cunning hand
Transparent flattery necklace
And the rosary of golden wisdom.
A. S. Pushkin

Name the metaphors and ask the children to explain which properties are transferred to whom.
Soft character. Cheeks are burning. Drowned in twos. Keep a tight rein. Turned green with anger. Muscles of steel. Iron character. Bronze body.

14. Give a new title to the painting.

The child is shown many subject pictures, postcards or reproductions of famous artists and asked to give them new names. Compare who named it better: the child or the artist. The basis for the name can be the plot, mood, deep meaning, etc.

Give 10 new titles of old famous paintings.

15. Fantastic association.

A fantastic, that is, incredible idea can be obtained by combining the properties or parts of two or three objects. For example, fish + man = mermaid, horse + man = centaur. Who are the sirens? The same pair of objects can give different ideas depending on the qualities they combine.

Offer 10 examples of combinations of unexpected qualities of various real creatures.

16. Fantastic crushing.

Remember the plot of the wonderful novel “The Twelve Chairs” or the plot of Svetlov’s fairy tale about a man named Ruble, who fell from the fifteenth floor and broke into ten kopecks. Each dime has its own destiny. One kopeck was exchanged for kopecks, another became a big boss and looked more important than a ruble, the third began to multiply.

Come up with a fairy tale with a similar plot. For example, an orange scattered into slices, a pomegranate scattered into 365 grains (exactly 365 grains in any pomegranate, check), the fate of sister peas from the same pod.

17. “How lucky I am.”

“How lucky I am,” says the sunflower, “I am like the sun.”
“How lucky I am,” says the potato, “I feed people.”
“How lucky I am,” says the birch tree, “they make fragrant brooms out of me.”

Come up with 10 variations of this game.

18. Reception acceleration - deceleration.

You can speed up or slow down the speed of any process. To direct your imagination in this direction, ask questions like: “What will happen if”, “What will happen if.”

— What will happen if the Earth begins to rotate 24 times faster? The day will last 1 hour. In 1 hour you need to have time to sleep, have breakfast, go to school (15 minutes), have lunch, do homework (3-4 minutes), take a walk, have dinner.

— What will happen if the seasons last 100 years? (Then people born at the beginning of winter would never see green grass, flowers, or flooding rivers) Assignment. Suggest three or four stories related to the specified technique.

19. Acceleration and deceleration of time.

Themes of fantasy stories.

Situations 1. You invented a chronodine - a device with which you can, at will, change the speed of time and the speed of processes in time. You can speed up any processes or slow them down.

Situations 2. It was not you who invented the chronodine, but someone else, and this other person, unexpectedly for you, at his own request, changes the speed of the processes in which you participate.

The lesson lasts either 40 minutes, then 4 minutes, then 4 hours, and all this is unpredictable for the teacher and students. I started eating the cake, and time sped up 1000 times! It's a shame! How to live in such a world?

Situation 3. You invented a chronotour (a tour is a movement in a circle) - a device with which you can repeat events, rejuvenate and age people, animals, objects, cars many times over.

—Who would you rejuvenate and by how many years?
— What period of life would you like to live again?

Exercise. Suggest several stories using the above techniques.

20. Time machine.

You have a time machine! You sit in it and can travel to the near and distant past of any country, to the near and distant future of any country and be there at any time. But you can’t change anything there, you can only watch. While you are in the past or in the future, life on Earth proceeds according to its usual laws.

“Home option”: while sitting at home, you look into the “Mirror of Time” or mentally take pictures with the “Time Camera” or “Time Movie Camera” or “Magic Eye”. Name the place and time and, please, the image is ready.

— What would you like to see in the past?
— What were your mother and grandmother like when they were the same age as me now?
— How did dinosaurs live?
— I would like to meet and talk with Pushkin, Napoleon, Socrates, Magellan.
— What would you like to see in the future?
-Who will I be? How many children will I have?
— Talk to your future son.

This is an incredible situation. A message was sent from Earth to a distant star. Intelligent beings live on this star; they have a time machine. They sent the answer, but they made a mistake, and the answer came to Earth before the message was sent.

Exercise. Suggest 10 stories related to the time machine effect.

21. Chronoclasm.

This is a paradox caused by interference with a previous life. Someone moved into the past and changed something there, and then returned, but on Earth everything is different. To encourage imagination in this direction, questions like:

- What would happen now if something had happened differently in the past or if something had not happened at all?
— What would have to be changed in the past so that what happened would not happen?

For example:

- I lost my keys. It doesn’t matter, I go back in time and don’t take the keys with me.
— What would have happened if there had not been a coup in 1917?

— What can be changed in the past? Everything can be changed in the past! Actions of people, phenomena of living and inanimate nature, surroundings.

Chronoclasm, time machine, chronotour, chronodyne - these are wonderful fantasy techniques; they provide an inexhaustible number of plots.

Exercise. Suggest some crazy plots for these techniques.
(I went back in time to look for a bride. I found out why brontosaurs became extinct.)

22. Method of L.N. Tolstoy.

They write that L.N. Tolstoy regularly used the following method every morning as morning mental exercises.

Take the most ordinary object: a chair, a table, a pillow, a book. Describe this object in the words of a person who has never seen it before and does not know what it is or why.

For example, what would an Australian aborigine say about watches?

Exercise. Write down several descriptions of objects for the native.

23. Free imagination.

Children are asked to fantasize uncontrollably on a given topic, using any fantasy techniques and any combinations thereof. Unlike solving any serious problem, you can propose any ideas, even the most crazy ones.

Come up with a fantastic plant.

— All known fruits grow on one plant at the same time: apples, pears, oranges, avocados, pineapples, mangoes, coconuts.

- All known fruits and vegetables grow on one plant (tomatoes and potatoes; tobacco can be made from the leaves, a painkiller and a “beauty product” can be obtained. In principle, this is possible, since tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, belladonna (in Italian - "beautiful lady") belong to the same family - nightshade.

— Known and unknown fruits, vegetables and nuts grow on one plant.

— Amazing watermelon: inside there is marmalade, and instead of seeds there are candies. This is also possible, you just need to water it with sweet water and honey.

— Objects of living and inanimate nature grow on one tree.

— The flower is made of chocolate and never fades, no matter how much you eat it.

24. Come up with a fantastic structure.

The building of the future: everything is visible from the inside to the outside, but nothing is visible from the outside to the inside. A creature (person, dog...) with harmful intentions for the owner of the house cannot enter the building.

What qualities should a house have if the weight and size of the owner changes 10 times every hour?

25. Come up with a new type of transport.

Invention ideas:

— A meson-gravitational-electromagnetic beam is directed at a person, which splits the person into atoms, their relative positions are remembered, transmitted along the atom to the right place and collected there in the same order. (Examine the situation: the program for assembling a person went wrong, but they didn’t notice it! How did they assemble a person? What if they mixed up the atoms of several people?)

— Synthetic transport that combines the advantages of all known types of transport: the speed of a rocket, the luxury of a top-class cabin on an ocean liner, the all-weather capability of an aircraft for studying lightning, the uselessness of landing and take-off pads for a helicopter, the usefulness of horse-drawn transport.

— The road surface is wavy or triangular in shape. Invent a wheel so that it doesn’t shake on such a road. This will also be an invention!

26. Come up with a new holiday or competition.

- Festival of Flowers. Everyone has flowers painted on their cheeks. On this day you can only speak the Chinese language of flowers.

— Feast of the arrival of swallows.

— Feast of the first mosquito.

Dreamers competition. Two teams are participating. Each team offers the other team various tasks: a) a topic for a humorous story of 5 phrases; b) an object for composing a riddle (table, fork, TV); c) the beginning of the story. For example. “My friend Keith invited me on a trip around the world”; d) some fantasy technique is suggested. You need to use this technique to come up with an incredible story.

27. Come up with a dramatic plot.

“Mom spoiled her daughter beyond all measure. What happened to mother and daughter?

— A man got lost, accidentally found a house abandoned by hunters and lived there for 7 years. How did he live there? What did he eat, what did he wear?.. (After five years he forgot how to speak, etc.)

28. Come up with a new fantasy game.

To come up with a new unprecedented game, you need to come up with incredible conditions and rules for this game.

— Chess pieces are made of chocolate; You win an opponent's piece and you can eat it right away.

- Game "Edible Checkers". They do become edible, but only after they are won fairly. Think about what special properties will a won king and a locked checker have?

— Cylindrical checkers and chess. The board is rolled into a cylinder so that fields a1, a2, a3, etc. are next to fields h1, h2, h3, respectively. The verticals become the generators of the cylinder.

- Lobachevsky's checkers. The board mentally folds into a fantastic figure - at the same time both the sides and the sides facing the players close together. The generators are verticals and horizontals at the same time.

- Super chess. Instead of chess pieces there are cubes. On the sides of each cube there are images of six figures, except for the king. Once per game, you can change the status of a piece (turn over the die), unexpectedly for the enemy.

29. Magical fulfillment of one’s own desires and materialization of thoughts.

You have become a powerful wizard. Just think - and any, but only good, wish will come true. For example, you can make anyone happy. But if you plan something bad for someone else, then it will happen to you.

Here's a goodwill test.

Tell the children that for an hour they can do whatever they want to people, good or bad. Check what the kids will want to do? Good or evil?

The robbers have caught a worthy man and want to kill him. Suggest at least 10 ways to save him (make him invisible, freeze the robbers).

30. You began to have the gift of telepathy.

Telepathy is the transmission of thoughts and feelings over a distance without the use of the senses. You can even not only read the thoughts of other people, but also mentally force people to do what you want. How do you use this gift?

31. Nadya Rusheva’s method.

Here's another great way to develop imagination and drawing skills. This is a well-known universal method that was used by the brilliant girl Nadya Rusheva.

By the age of 16, with a felt-tip pen or pen in hand, she had read books by more than fifty writers, from ancient to modern: Homer, Shakespeare, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Exupery, Bulgakov, and drew, drew, drew. I read, fantasized and drew. This helped her achieve lightness, sophistication and “floating” lines in her drawings. Over her seventeen-year life, she created ten thousand wonderful drawings! Having studied ballet as a child, she knew how much effort this “lightness of soaring” is achieved. This wonderful, but not popular method is called: hard work and perseverance!

32. “RVS” method.

RVS is an abbreviation of three words: size, weight, cost.

It should be noted that the “RVS” method is a special case of the more general “decrease-increase” method, when any characteristics of the system can be changed from zero to infinity, and not just dimensions, weight or cost. For example, speed, quantity, quality, friction force, thinking power, memory power, company profit, headcount, salaries. Such thought experiments “blur” the usual idea of ​​the system being improved, make it “soft”, changeable, and make it possible to look at the problem from an unusual angle.

The RVS method is based on the dialectical principle of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones. This method is also called the “method of checking for a monster”, or the “method of limiting passage”, or the “method of intensifying contradictions”.

The RVS method very well develops fantasy and imagination, and also allows you to overcome the mental inertia of thinking. We must remember that we are conducting a thought experiment, where everything is possible, and not a practical one, when the inexorable laws of nature apply.

There is also the “super-RVS” method, when the limiting transitions of several characteristics are viewed simultaneously. Such “blows to the subcortex” can carve out something non-standard. For example, what will happen to the system if the system has a minimum cost, but maximum size and weight, etc. Of course, you need to learn how to use the RVS method.

33. Property transfer method.

Let's consider a very fun, mischievous and very simple (for those who know how to fantasize) method of endowing ordinary objects with completely unusual properties for them, taken, however, from ordinary objects. In science, this method is called the method of focal objects.

The algorithm is very simple.

The first step: select an item that you want to improve or give it completely unusual properties. For children, this could be a toy, doll, ball, notebook, textbook, class magazine, animal, plant or person. This will be the so-called focal object. For example, let's choose a Barbie doll as the focal object. It seems that she is already the limit of invention in the doll class. Let's see what happens.

Second step: select several random objects. For example: light bulb, balloon, TV.

Third step: for these random objects, a list of their characteristic properties, functions and features is compiled.

An electric light bulb glows, is warm, transparent, burns out, and is plugged into the power grid.
A balloon flies, inflates, does not sink, and bounces.
TV - shows, speaks, sings, has control knobs.

Fourth step: the formulated properties are transferred to the focal object.
So what happens? Let's fantasize and especially not worry about the real possibility of realizing what we have imagined. Go:

The doll glows from the inside with a matte pink-milky light. The room is dark, but it glows. This is good: you won’t lose it and you can even read it!

The doll is always pleasantly warm, as if alive. You can take it outside and warm your hands. You can place bird eggs next to a warm doll and chicks or chicks will hatch from them. You can lean it against the aquarium and the doll will heat the water for the fish.

It's transparent. You can see how her heart beats, blood flows through the vessels, you can study anatomy.

Burns out. It’s clear that she needs to have spare parts: a set of arms, legs, heads, dresses. Designer doll.

Now let's see what ideas the balloon will give us.

Flying doll. Angel doll with wings. Swan doll, dragonfly, skydiver, flying squirrel or bat doll, it has beautiful clear membranes from the tips of the fingers to the tips of the toes.

Inflatable doll. You can make a slim or fat Barbie, or you can make a flat one for carrying. When the head is inflated separately, the facial expression changes. You can play with an inflated doll in the bath and learn to swim.

What does the comparison with TV give?

Let the doll show morning exercises, aerobics, yoga asanas every morning.
Let her scream indignantly when they start breaking it or quarreling in front of it.

You can use a combination of properties. As a rule, among the absurdities one comes across original ideas that the trial and error method will not produce.

The focal object method is an excellent method for developing imagination, associative thinking and serious invention.

Proposals developing the method.

Children really like it when they themselves are put into focus. Improving clothes, such as stockings, tights, and boots, is a lot of fun.
You can pre-define the object class in the second step.
The method can be used to come up with the design of stores, exhibitions, and gifts.

Before starting an idea generation session, you can think with the children what is good and what is bad about the selected focal object, who is good and who is bad, why it is good and why it is bad, etc. And then start fantasizing.

The best inventions should be praised.

34. Combination of techniques.

The “highest aerobatics” of fantasy is the use of many techniques simultaneously or sequentially. They used one technique and added a new technique to what happened. This leads very far from the initial object and where it will lead is completely unknown. Very interesting activity, try it. But only a bold-minded person can do this.

Exercise. Take some fairy-tale object (Pinocchio, Kolobok) and apply 5-10 fantasy techniques to it successively. What will happen?

35. Beautiful ancient fantasies with transformations.

As examples of magnificent fantasy, let us recall the myths of the ancient Greeks and Romans, in which people turn into plants.

The beautiful young man Cypress accidentally killed his favorite deer. He begged silver-bowed Apollo to let him be sad forever, and Apollo turned him into a slender cypress tree. Since then, the cypress has been considered a sad burial tree.

Another beautiful young man Narcissus had a different fate. According to one version, Narcissus saw his reflection in the river, fell in love with it and died of self-love. The gods turned it into a fragrant flower. According to another version, Narcissus dared not to respond to a woman’s love, and, at the request of other women rejected by men, he was turned into a flower. According to another version of this myth, Narcissus had a dearly beloved twin sister. My sister died unexpectedly. The yearning Narcissus saw his reflection in a stream, thought it was his sister, looked at his reflection for a long time and died of grief. According to the fourth version, having seen his reflection in the river and fallen in love with it, Narcissus realized the hopelessness of this love and stabbed himself. Flowers named after him grew from drops of Narcissus's blood.

Great examples of fantasy. One version is more beautiful than the other. Try and offer your own equally dramatic or touching versions of Narcissus.

The Legend of Daphne. Pursued by Apollo, who was in love with her, the young nymph Daphne prayed for help to the gods and was turned into a laurel, which became Apollo's sacred tree. Since then, winners of musical competitions in honor of Apollo have been awarded a laurel wreath. In ancient art, Daphne (Daphnia) was depicted at the moment when, overtaken by Apollo, she turns (sprouts) into a laurel.

The desperate young man Phaeton was unable to cope with the horses of the solar team of his father, the sun god Helios, for which he was struck by the lightning of Zeus. The Heliades, sisters of Phaethon, mourned the death of their brother so sadly that the gods turned them into poplars, the leaves of which always make a sad noise. Heliad's tears became amber.

Preview:

Advice for parents.

How to develop fantasy and imagination in a child. (2)

First, let's look at what imagination and fantasy are. These are types of thinking, this is the ability to mentally imagine what is not there from what is in memory. In other words, imagination is an active creative process of creating new knowledge (new ideas) from old knowledge. What is the difference between fantasy and imagination?

If imagination is the ability to mentally create new ideas and images of possible and impossible objects based on real knowledge, then fantasy is the creation of also new, but unrealistic, fabulous, yet impossible situations and objects, but also based on real knowledge.

For example: the winged horse Pegasus, the Death's Head in Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila", the fables of Baron Munchausen, Pinocchio, the Steadfast Tin Soldier - these are fantastic images.

There are several types of imagination:

1. Recreating is the representation of images according to a pre-compiled description, for example, when reading books, poems, notes, drawings, mathematical symbols. Otherwise, this type of imagination is called reproductive, reproducing, remembering.

2. Creative is the independent creation of new images according to one’s own design. Children call this “out of the head.” It is this type of imagination that will be the subject of our study and development in children.

3. The uncontrollable is what is called a “wild fantasy,” an absurdity, a set of unrelated absurdities.

What is the difference between fantasy and imagination?

from serious problem solving?

When imagining, the child himself creates any plot he wants, including a fairy tale, any situation he wants, any problem he wants, and solves it himself in any way he wants. Any solution is acceptable. And when solving real problems, the child does not look for any solution, but for a real, “adult”, serious, feasible solution. In both cases, he creates, but with fantasy there is more freedom, since there are no prohibitions from physical laws and much knowledge is not required. That is why it is better to begin the development of children’s thinking with the development of imagination.

What is the difference between fantasy and stupidity?

When fantasy is harmful, it becomes stupidity. Stupidity is a stupid, ridiculous, unnecessary, unreasonable, incorrect, harmful, inappropriate act or statement that does not honor the one who committed it. Of course, one must take into account the person’s age, conditions and goals of the action.

Is all fantasy good? There is a general criterion for assessing the quality of all affairs on Earth - this is an increase in goodness in the world.

The classic vehicle of fantasy is the fairy tale.

What is the difference between a fairy tale and science fiction? In science fiction, technically feasible situations, elements or processes are considered, and in a fairy tale, any. It should be noted that there is also no sharp boundary between fantastic and real solutions. For example, what was considered fantasy in the time of Jules Verne is now everyday reality. G. A. Altshuller calculated that out of 108 (!) ideas and forecasts of J. Verne, 99 (90%) were implemented. Herbert Wells has 77 from 86, Alexander Belyaev has 47 from 50.

When a child selflessly tells fables with his own participation, he is not lying; in our usual understanding, he is composing. It doesn't matter to him whether it's real or not real. And this shouldn’t be important to us, what’s important is that the child’s brain works and generates ideas. However, you should still pay attention to what the child dreams of. If he talks all the time about his non-existent friends, about gentle parents or about toys, then maybe he suffers, dreams about it and thus pours out his soul? Help him immediately.

Why develop fantasy and imagination?

They say: “Without imagination there is no consideration.” A. Einstein considered the ability to imagine higher than knowledge, because he believed that without imagination it is impossible to make discoveries. K. E. Tsiolkovsky believed that cold mathematical calculation is always preceded by imagination.

Sometimes in everyday life fantasy and imagination are understood as something empty, unnecessary, lightweight, and not having any practical application. In fact, as practice has shown, a well-developed, bold, controlled imagination is an invaluable property of original, non-standard thinking.

It is difficult for children to think “according to the laws,” but if they are taught to fantasize and not be criticized for it, then children fantasize easily and with pleasure, especially if they are also praised.

Apparently, this is how children subconsciously learn to think - through play. We need to take advantage of this and develop imagination and imagination from early childhood. Let children “invent their own bicycles.” Anyone who did not invent bicycles as a child will not be able to invent anything at all.

How to develop fantasy and imagination in children?

There are three laws for the development of creative imagination:

1. The creative activity of the imagination is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person’s previous personal experience.

Indeed, every imagination is built from real elements; the richer the experience, the richer the imagination. Hence the corollary: we need to help the child accumulate experience, images and knowledge (erudition) if we want him to be a creative person.

2. You can imagine something that you haven’t seen yourself, but have heard or read about, that is, you can fantasize based on someone else’s experience. For example, you can imagine an earthquake or a tsunami, although you have never seen it. Without training it is difficult, but possible.

Ways to develop fantasy and imagination.

Let's list the main ways to develop fantasy and imagination, and then consider methods for developing creative imagination. It is ideal if the child himself wants and develops his fantasy and imagination. How to achieve this?

1. Create motivation!

2. Convince that fantasizing is not a shame, but is very prestigious and useful for the child personally. They don't understand this yet. You need a game and bright emotions. Children's logic is not yet strong.

3. It should be interesting to fantasize. Then, having fun, the child will quickly master the ability to fantasize, and then the ability to imagine, and then to think rationally. Preschoolers are interested not in reasoning, but in events.

4. Make children fall in love with you (attraction). On this “wave of love” they trust you more and listen more willingly.

5. By your own example. In early childhood, children copy the behavior of adults; it would be a shame not to take advantage of this. You are an authority for the child.

6. Read, discuss and analyze good fiction literature: at a tender age (2-6 years) - fairy tales, fantasy stories;
in adolescence (7-14) - fantasy adventure novels (Jules Verne, Belyaev, Conan Doyle, Wells);
in youth and adulthood - good science fiction literature (Efremov, Strugatsky, Azimov, Robert Sheckley, Philip K. Dick, Lem, G. Altov).
Teach children to admire good imagination.

7. Stimulate imagination with questions. For example: “What would happen if you grew wings. Where would you fly?”

8. Putting children in difficult situations. Let them think for themselves and find a way out. Here, for example, is a classic problem: children are stranded on a desert island, how to survive?

9. “Give” children interesting plots and ask them to compose stories, fairy tales, and histories based on them.

10. Teach the following techniques for developing imagination and fantasizing.

Using the techniques below does not eliminate the need to think. Techniques “not instead of”, but “to help” fantasy, techniques indicate the directions of thinking. Knowledge of fantasy techniques leads children to mastering “adult” techniques for resolving contradictions and solving inventive problems.

Techniques for developing fantasy and imagination.

Children know quite a lot of phenomena and laws of nature (for example, that all objects fall down, that heavy objects sink, liquids spill and do not have their own shape, water freezes, wood, paper, a candle burn). This knowledge is quite enough to fantasize fruitfully, but children do not know how to fantasize, that is, they do not know the techniques of fantasy.

Most fantasy techniques are associated with changes in laws or natural phenomena. Everything can be changed: any law of living and inanimate nature, any social law, the law can act in reverse, completely new laws can be invented, some existing laws can be excluded, laws can be made to act or not act at will, temporarily, periodically or unpredictably; You can change any living creature: people (all people have become honest!), animals, plants.

Below are 35 fantasy techniques:

1. Increase - decrease.

This is the simplest technique, it is widely used in fairy tales, epics, and fantasy. For example, Thumbelina, Thumb, Gulliver, Lilliputians, Gargantua and Pantagruel. You can increase and decrease almost everything: geometric dimensions, weight, height, volume, richness, distances, speeds.

It can be increased indefinitely from actual sizes to infinitely large and can be reduced from actual to zero, that is, until complete destruction.

1.1. The child is told: “Here’s a magic wand, it can increase or decrease anything you want. What would you like to increase or decrease?”

I would like to reduce my vocal lessons and increase my free time.
- I would like to reduce homework.
- I want to enlarge the candy to the size of a refrigerator so that I can cut off pieces with a knife.
- I want to increase the raindrops to the size of a watermelon.

1.2. Complicate this game with additional questions: “What will come of this? What will it lead to? Why do you want to increase or decrease?”

Let your arms temporarily become so long that you can take an apple from a branch, or say hello through a window, or get a ball from the roof, or turn off the TV without getting up from the table.
- If the trees in the forest shrink to the size of grass, and the grass to the size of a matchstick, then it will be easy to look for mushrooms.
- If it is difficult for a child to fantasize independently, offer to fantasize together, ask him supporting questions.

1.3.What will happen if our nose lengthens for a while?

You will be able to smell the flowers in the flowerbed without leaving your home; it will be possible to determine what delicious food your neighbors are preparing;
- That's good, but what's bad about it?
- There will be nowhere to put such a long nose, it will interfere with walking, traveling in public transport, even sleeping will be uncomfortable, and in winter it will freeze. No, I don't need that nose.

Invite your child to say what good and what bad will happen if we increase or decrease something. Who will be good and who will be bad? This is already a moral analysis of the situation.

1.4. Tell me, what will be good and what will be bad for you personally and for others if a wizard enlarges you 10 times? If your child finds it difficult to guess, help him with additional questions.

What size will you be then?
- How many kilograms will you weigh?

What happens if your height decreases by 10 times?
- Agree, it would be great if you could change your height at will. For example, you are late for school: you increased the length of your legs or the frequency of your steps and quickly got to school, and then made your legs of normal length. Or another case. We need to cross the river, but there is no bridge nearby. No problem!
- I will be 15 m tall! This is the height of a five-story building!

Regarding weight, this is a tricky question. Usually the answer is: 10 times more. In fact, if you maintain all the proportions of the body, your weight will increase 1000 times! If a person weighed 50 kg, then he will weigh 50 tons! I will run faster than a car. I will be strong, and no one will dare to offend me, and I will be able to protect anyone. I will be able to bear enormous weights. I wonder which ones? Typically a person can lift half their body weight. Then I can lift 25 tons! This is good. What will be bad?

I won't fit in the class. You will have to sew huge clothes and shoes. It will be very difficult to feed me. If we assume that a person eats 2% of his body weight per day, then I will need food weighing 1 ton. I won't fit on any bus. Even on the street I will have to walk, bending under the wires. I won't have anywhere to live.

2. Adding one or more fantastic properties to one person or many people (as fragments or preparations for future fantastic works).

The technique of this type of fantasy is similar to the focal object method:

a) select several arbitrary objects of animate and/or inanimate nature;
b) formulate their properties, qualities, features or character traits. You can come up with new properties out of your head;
c) they endow a person with formulated properties and qualities.

For example, an eagle was chosen as an object (“property donor”). Qualities of an eagle: flies, has excellent eyesight, eats rodents, lives in the mountains.

Man can fly like an eagle. It can be added: it can fly in the stratosphere, in near and deep space.
- A person has super-acute eagle vision, for example, he sees cells of living tissues, crystal lattices of metals, even atoms without a microscope; he sees the surface of stars and planets without a telescope and better than with a telescope. He sees through walls, walks down the street and sees what is happening in houses, and even penetrates walls himself, like an X-ray.
- Man eats eagle food - rodents, birds.
- The man is covered with feathers.

Continue fantasizing using this method, taking as the initial object: an electric light bulb, a fish (remember the amphibian man), a watch, glasses, a match, suspended animation (a sharp slowdown in life processes is very convenient: there is no money for food or nowhere to live - you fall into suspended animation) or the opposite of suspended animation (a sharp increase in life processes, a person does not know fatigue, moves with incredible speed, such a person will make a wonderful illusionist, or a runner, or an invincible fighter).

2.1. Think of sense organs that a person does not have, but could have.
For example, it would be a good idea to sense the presence of radiation in order to protect yourself from it. Generally speaking, we feel it when we suffer from radiation sickness.
It would be nice to feel nitrides and nitrates and other contaminants. There is a wonderful and rare feeling - this is a sense of proportion, not everyone has it.
It would be nice to feel when you make a mistake and when danger is approaching (figuratively speaking, the red light would light up in this case).

2.2. The time will come and it will be possible to change the internal organs. What might this look like?

2.3. Color-code people according to their moral qualities. For example, all honest people turned pink, all dishonest people turned purple, and all evil people turned blue. The more vile things a person has done, the darker the color. Describe what will happen to the world? Many probably would not have left the house.

3. An animated drawing.

You have received a wonderful gift, everything you draw comes to life! What would you draw?
Great people? Endangered animals? New animals and plants?

4. Exclusion of certain human qualities.

List the properties and qualities of a person, and then exclude one or two properties and see what happens.

The man is not sleeping.
- The person does not feel pain.
- The person has lost weight and sense of smell.

Name at least 10 vital qualities and properties of a person and think about the consequences of their loss.

5. Transformation of a person into any object.

A person turns into another person, into animals (birds, beasts, insects, fish), into plants (into oak, rose, baobab), into objects of inanimate nature (stone, wind, pencil). This is rich material for new fairy tales.

But the most important thing in this technique is the development of empathy - the ability to transform into another image and look at the world through his eyes.

Offer at least 10 examples of human transformation, for example in fairy tales.

6. Anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is the assimilation of a person, the endowment of human properties (speech, thinking, the ability to feel) of any objects - animate and inanimate: animals, plants, celestial bodies, mythical creatures.

Have you seen anywhere in the world
Are you young princess?
I'm her fiance. - My brother,
- Answers the clear month, -
I have not seen the red maiden...

Here Pushkin endowed the month with the ability to see, recognize, sympathize and speak.

Remember 10 examples of anthropomorphism from fairy tales, myths and fables you know and come up with at least 10 examples of possible anthropomorphism yourself.

7. Giving inanimate objects the abilities and qualities of living beings.

Namely: the ability to move, think, feel, breathe, grow, rejoice, reproduce, joke, smile.

The boy sits astride a stick and imagines it as a horse and himself as a rider.
- What living creature would you turn a balloon into?

Come up with at least 10 examples of such transformations.

8. Giving inanimate objects extraordinary properties.

For example, a stone. It glows, is always warm (never cools down!), you can warm your hands in cold weather, makes the water sweet and healing, and does not dissolve.

The stone absorbs diseases. The stone gives immortality. Contemplation of the stone inspires to write poetry and paint, etc.

Here is a good game for developing imagination. Children (or adults) stand in a circle. One is given a soft toy or a ball and asked to throw it to someone with warm words: “I’m giving you a little bunny,” or “Yurochka, I’m giving you a little goat, its horns haven’t grown yet,” or “Here, Masha, the big one.” candy,” or “I’m giving you a piece of my heart,” “I’m giving you a baby squirrel,” “This is a glass ball, don’t break it,” “This is a cactus, don’t prick yourself.”

9. Revival of dead people, animals, plants.

For example:

What would happen if brontosaurs were resurrected?
- What else would Pushkin have created if he had not died so early?
All kinds of extinct animals and all people can be brought back to life!

10. Revival of dead heroes of literary works, in particular, heroes of fairy tales.

Did a fairy tale character die? It doesn’t matter, you just need to draw it and it will come to life.

Exercise.

Come up with continuations of fairy tales, provided that the heroes of the fairy tale did not die. The fox didn’t eat the bun, Ruslan didn’t cut off Chernomor’s beard, the Tin Soldier didn’t melt, Onegin didn’t kill Lensky.

11. Revival of heroes of artistic paintings and sculptures.

Characters from paintings by famous artists came to life - barge haulers, hunters, Cossacks, archers.

Name 10 paintings by famous artists and suggest a continuation of the plot, provided that the characters come to life.

12. Changing the usual relationships between the heroes of fairy tales.

Let us recall the following situations: the pike sings a lullaby (“The pike opens its mouth”); "The Gray Wolf serves her faithfully"; Brave Bunny; cowardly lion

Come up with a fairy tale with such an incredible plot: The fox has become the most simple-minded in the forest, and all the animals deceive her.

13. Metaphor.

Metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another based on a characteristic common to both objects. For example, “talk of waves”, “cold gaze”. Here is an excerpt made up of only metaphors:

On a thread of idle fun
He nizal with a cunning hand
Transparent flattery necklace
And the rosary of golden wisdom.
A. S. Pushkin

Name the metaphors and ask the children to explain which properties are transferred to whom.
Soft character. Cheeks are burning. Drowned in twos. Keep a tight rein. Turned green with anger. Muscles of steel. Iron character. Bronze body.

14. Give a new title to the painting.

The child is shown many subject pictures, postcards or reproductions of famous artists and asked to give them new names. Compare who named it better: the child or the artist. The basis for the name can be the plot, mood, deep meaning, etc.

Give 10 new titles of old famous paintings.

15. Fantastic association.

A fantastic idea can be obtained by combining the properties or parts of two or three objects. For example, fish + man = mermaid, horse + man = centaur. Who are the sirens? The same pair of objects can give different ideas depending on the qualities they combine.

Offer 10 examples of combinations of unexpected qualities of various real creatures.

16. Fantastic crushing.

Remember the plot of the wonderful novel “The Twelve Chairs” or the plot of Svetlov’s fairy tale about a man named Ruble, who fell from the fifteenth floor and broke into ten kopecks. Each dime has its own destiny. One kopeck was exchanged for kopecks, another became a big boss and looked more important than a ruble, the third began to multiply.

Come up with a fairy tale with a similar plot. For example, an orange scattered into slices, a pomegranate scattered into 365 grains (exactly 365 grains in any pomegranate, check), the fate of sister peas from the same pod.

17. “How lucky I am.”

“How lucky I am,” says the sunflower, “I am like the sun.”
“How lucky I am,” says the potato, “I feed people.”
“How lucky I am,” says the birch tree, “they make fragrant brooms out of me.”

Come up with 10 variations of this game.

18. Reception acceleration - deceleration.

You can speed up or slow down the speed of any process. To direct your imagination in this direction, ask questions like: “What will happen if,” “What will happen if.”

What will happen if the Earth rotates 24 times faster? The day will last 1 hour. In 1 hour you need to have time to sleep, have breakfast, go to school (15 minutes), have lunch, do homework (3-4 minutes), take a walk, have dinner.

What will happen if the seasons last 100 years? (Then people born at the beginning of winter would never see green grass, flowers, or flooding rivers) Assignment. Suggest three or four stories related to the specified technique.

19. Acceleration and deceleration of time.

Themes of fantasy stories.

Situations 1. You invented a chronodine - a device with which you can, at will, change the speed of time and the speed of processes in time. You can speed up any processes or slow them down.

Situations 2. It was not you who invented the chronodine, but someone else, and this other person, unexpectedly for you, at his own request, changes the speed of the processes in which you participate.

The lesson lasts either 40 minutes, then 4 minutes, then 4 hours, and all this is unpredictable for the teacher and students. I started eating the cake, and time sped up 1000 times! It's a shame! How to live in such a world?

Situation 3. You invented a chronotour (a tour is movement in a circle) - a device with which you can repeat events, repeat marriages, rejuvenate and age people, animals, objects, cars many times over.

Who would you make younger and by how many years?
- What period of life would you like to live again?

20. Time machine.

You have a time machine! You sit in it and can travel to the near and distant past of any country, to the near and distant future of any country and be there at any time. But you can’t change anything there, you can only watch. While you are in the past or in the future, life on Earth proceeds according to its usual laws.

“Home option”: while sitting at home, you look into the “Mirror of Time” or mentally take pictures with the “Time Camera” or “Time Movie Camera” or “Magic Eye”. Name the place and time and, please, the image is ready.

What would you like to see in the past?
- What were your mother and grandmother like when they were the same age as me now?
- How did dinosaurs live?
- I would like to meet and talk with Pushkin, Napoleon, Socrates, Magellan.
- What would you like to see in the future?
-Who will I be? How many children will I have?
- Talk to your future son.

This is an incredible situation. A message was sent from Earth to a distant star. Intelligent beings live on this star; they have a time machine. They sent the answer, but they made a mistake, and the answer came to Earth before the message was sent.

21. Chronoclasm.

This is a paradox caused by interference with a previous life. Someone moved into the past and changed something there, and then returned, but on Earth everything is different. To encourage imagination in this direction, questions like:

What would happen now if something had happened differently in the past or if something had not happened at all?
- What would have to be changed in the past so that what happened would not happen?

For example:

I lost my keys. It doesn’t matter, I go back in time and don’t take the keys with me.
- What would have happened if there had not been a coup in 1917?

What can be changed in the past? Everything can be changed in the past! Actions of people, phenomena of living and inanimate nature, surroundings.

Chronoclasm, time machine, chronotour, chronodyne - these are wonderful fantasy techniques; they provide an inexhaustible number of plots.

Suggest some crazy plots for these techniques.
(I went back in time to look for a bride. I found out why brontosaurs became extinct.)

22. Method of L.N. Tolstoy.

They write that L.N. Tolstoy regularly used the following method every morning as morning mental exercises.

Take the most ordinary object: a chair, a table, a pillow, a book. Describe this object in the words of a person who has never seen it before and does not know what it is or why.

For example, what would an Australian aborigine say about watches?

Write down several descriptions of objects for the native.

23. Free imagination.

Children are asked to fantasize uncontrollably on a given topic, using any fantasy techniques and any combinations thereof. Unlike solving any serious problem, you can propose any ideas, even the most crazy ones.

Come up with a fantastic plant.

All known fruits grow on one plant at the same time: apples, pears, oranges, avocados, pineapples, mangoes, coconuts.

All known fruits and vegetables grow on one plant (tomatoes and potatoes; from the leaves you can make tobacco, get a painkiller and a “beauty product.” In principle, this is possible, since tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, belladonna (in Italian - “ beautiful lady") belong to the same family - nightshades.

Known and unknown fruits, vegetables and nuts grow on the same plant.

Amazing watermelon: inside there is marmalade, and instead of seeds there are candies. This is also possible, you just need to water it with sweet water and honey.

Objects of living and inanimate nature grow on one tree.

The flower is made of chocolate and never fades, no matter how much you eat it.

24. Come up with a fantastic structure.

The building of the future: everything is visible from the inside to the outside, but nothing is visible from the outside to the inside. A creature (person, dog...) with harmful intentions for the owner of the house cannot enter the building.

What qualities should a house have if the weight and size of the owner changes 10 times every hour?

25. Come up with a new type of transport.

Invention ideas:

A meson-gravitational-electromagnetic beam is directed at a person, which splits the person into atoms, their relative positions are remembered, transmitted along the atom to the right place and collected there in the same order. (Examine the situation: the program for assembling a person went wrong, but they didn’t notice it! How did they assemble a person? What if they mixed up the atoms of several people?)

Synthetic transport that combines the advantages of all known types of transport: the speed of a rocket, the luxury of a top-class cabin on an ocean liner, the all-weather capability of an aircraft for lightning research, the uselessness of helicopter landing and take-off pads, the healthfulness of horse-drawn transport.

The road surface is wavy or triangular in shape. Invent a wheel so that it doesn’t shake on such a road. This will also be an invention!

26. Come up with a new holiday or competition.

Flower Festival. Everyone has flowers painted on their cheeks. On this day you can only speak the Chinese language of flowers.

Festival of smiles. Like April 1st, but more fun and mischievous. Cheating, being funny and joking.

Celebration of the arrival of swallows.

Celebration of the first mosquito.

Dreamers competition. Two teams are participating. Each team offers the other team various tasks: a) a topic for a humorous story of 5 phrases; b) an object for composing a riddle (table, fork, TV); c) the beginning of the story. For example. “My friend Keith invited me on a trip around the world”; d) some fantasy technique is suggested. You need to use this technique to come up with an incredible story.

27. Come up with a dramatic plot.

Mom spoiled her daughter beyond all measure. What happened to mother and daughter?

A man got lost, accidentally found a house abandoned by hunters and lived there for 7 years. How did he live there? What did he eat, what did he wear?.. (After five years he forgot how to speak, etc.)

28. Come up with a new fantasy game.

To come up with a new unprecedented game, you need to come up with incredible conditions and rules for this game.

The chess pieces are made of chocolate; You win an opponent's piece and you can eat it right away.

Game "Edible Checkers". They do become edible, but only after they are won fairly. Think about what special properties will a won king and a locked checker have?

Cylindrical checkers and chess. The board is rolled into a cylinder so that fields a1, a2, a3, etc. are next to fields h1, h2, h3, respectively. The verticals become the generators of the cylinder.

Lobachevsky's checkers. The board mentally folds into a fantastic figure - at the same time both the sides and the sides facing the players close together. The generators are verticals and horizontals at the same time.

Super chess. Instead of chess pieces there are cubes. On the sides of each cube there are images of six figures, except for the king. Once per game, you can change the status of a piece (turn over the die), unexpectedly for the enemy.

29. Magical fulfillment of one’s own desires and materialization of thoughts.

You have become a powerful wizard. Just think - and any, but only good, wish will come true. For example, you can make anyone happy. But if you plan something bad for someone else, then it will happen to you.

Here's a goodwill test.

Tell the children that for an hour they can do whatever they want to people, good or bad. Check what the kids will want to do? Good or evil?

The robbers have caught a worthy man and want to kill him. Suggest at least 10 ways to save him (make him invisible, freeze the robbers).

30. You began to have the gift of telepathy.

Telepathy is the transmission of thoughts and feelings over a distance without the use of the senses. You can even not only read the thoughts of other people, but also mentally force people to do what you want. How do you use this gift?

31. Nadya Rusheva’s method.

Here's another great way to develop imagination and drawing skills. This is a well-known universal method that was used by the brilliant girl Nadya Rusheva.

By the age of 16, with a felt-tip pen or pen in hand, she had read books by more than fifty writers, from ancient to modern: Homer, Shakespeare, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Exupery, Bulgakov, and drew, drew, drew. I read, fantasized and drew. This helped her achieve lightness, sophistication and “floating” lines in her drawings. Over her seventeen-year life, she created ten thousand wonderful drawings! Having studied ballet as a child, she knew how much effort this “lightness of soaring” is achieved. This wonderful, but not popular method is called: hard work and perseverance!

32. Method "RVS".

RVS is an abbreviation of three words: size, weight, cost.

It should be noted that the “RVS” method is a special case of the more general “decrease-increase” method, when any characteristics of the system can be changed from zero to infinity, and not just dimensions, weight or cost. For example, speed, quantity, quality, friction force, thinking power, memory power, company profit, headcount, salaries. Such thought experiments “blur” the usual idea of ​​the system being improved, make it “soft”, changeable, and make it possible to look at the problem from an unusual angle.

The RVS method is based on the dialectical principle of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones. This method is also called the “method of checking for a monster”, or the “method of passing to the limit”, or the “method of intensifying contradictions”.

The RVS method very well develops fantasy and imagination, and also allows you to overcome the mental inertia of thinking. We must remember that we are conducting a thought experiment, where everything is possible, and not a practical one, when the inexorable laws of nature apply.

There is also the “super-RVS” method, when the limiting transitions of several characteristics are viewed simultaneously. Such “blows to the subcortex” can carve out something non-standard. For example, what will happen to the system if the system has a minimum cost, but maximum size and weight, etc. Of course, you need to learn how to use the RVS method.

33. Property transfer method.

Let's consider a very fun, mischievous and very simple (for those who know how to fantasize) method of endowing ordinary objects with completely unusual properties for them, taken, however, from ordinary objects. In science, this method is called the method of focal objects.

The algorithm is very simple.

The first step: select an item that you want to improve or give it completely unusual properties. For children, this could be a toy, doll, ball, notebook, textbook, class magazine, animal, plant or person. This will be the so-called focal object. For example, let's choose a Barbie doll as the focal object. It seems that she is already the limit of invention in the doll class. Let's see what happens.

Second step: select several random objects. For example: light bulb, balloon, TV.

Third step: for these random objects, a list of their characteristic properties, functions and features is compiled.

An electric light bulb glows, is warm, transparent, burns out, and is plugged into the power grid.
A balloon flies, inflates, does not sink, and bounces.
TV - shows, speaks, sings, has control knobs.

Fourth step: the formulated properties are transferred to the focal object.
So what happens? Let's fantasize and especially not worry about the real possibility of realizing what we have imagined. Go:

Barbie glows from within with a matte pink-milky light. The room is dark, but it glows. This is good: you won’t lose it and you can even read it!

Barbie is always pleasantly warm, as if alive. You can take it outside and warm your hands. You can place bird eggs next to warm Barbie and chicks or chicks will hatch from them. You can lean it against the aquarium and Barbie will heat the water for the fish.

Barbie is transparent. You can see how her heart beats, blood flows through the vessels, you can study anatomy.

Burns out. It’s clear that Barbie needs to have spare parts: a set of arms, legs, heads, dresses. Barbie constructor.

Now let's see what ideas the balloon will give us.

Flying Barbie. Barbie angel with wings. Barbie Swan, Barbie Dragonfly, Barbie Skydiver. Barbie flies like a flying squirrel or like a bat and has beautiful clear membranes from her fingertips to her toes.

Inflatable Barbie. You can make a slim Barbie, you can make a fat Barbie, you can make a flat Barbie for carrying. When the head is inflated separately, the facial expression changes. When "overblowing" Barbie begins to squeak, warning: "I'm about to burst." You can play with an inflated Barbie in the bath and learn to swim.

What does the comparison with TV give?

Let Barbie show morning exercises, aerobics, and yoga asanas every morning.
Let Barbie scream indignantly when they start breaking her or quarreling in front of her.

You can use a combination of properties. As a rule, among the absurdities one comes across original ideas that the trial and error method will not produce.

The focal object method is an excellent method for developing imagination, associative thinking and serious invention.

Proposals developing the method.

Children really like it when they themselves are put into focus. Improving clothes, such as stockings, tights, and boots, is a lot of fun.
You can pre-define the object class in the second step.
The method can be used to come up with the design of stores, exhibitions, and gifts.

Before starting an idea generation session, you can think with the children what is good and what is bad about the selected focal object, who is good and who is bad, why it is good and why it is bad, etc. And then start fantasizing.

The best inventions should be praised.

34. Combination of techniques.

The “highest aerobatics” of fantasy is the use of many techniques simultaneously or sequentially. They used one technique and added a new technique to what happened. This leads very far from the initial object and where it will lead is completely unknown. Very interesting activity, try it. But only a bold-minded person can do this.

Exercise. Take some fairy-tale object (Pinocchio, Kolobok) and apply 5-10 fantasy techniques to it successively. What will happen?

35. Beautiful ancient fantasies with transformations.

As examples of magnificent fantasy, let us recall the myths of the ancient Greeks and Romans, in which people turn into plants.

The beautiful young man Cypress accidentally killed his favorite deer. He begged silver-bowed Apollo to let him be sad forever, and Apollo turned him into a slender cypress tree. Since then, the cypress has been considered a sad burial tree.

Another beautiful young man Narcissus had a different fate. According to one version, Narcissus saw his reflection in the river, fell in love with it and died of self-love. The gods turned it into a fragrant flower. According to another version, Narcissus dared not to respond to a woman’s love, and, at the request of other women rejected by men, he was turned into a flower. According to another version of this myth, Narcissus had a dearly beloved twin sister. My sister died unexpectedly. The yearning Narcissus saw his reflection in a stream, thought it was his sister, looked at his reflection for a long time and died of grief. According to the fourth version, having seen his reflection in the river and fallen in love with it, Narcissus realized the hopelessness of this love and stabbed himself. Flowers named after him grew from drops of Narcissus's blood.

Great examples of fantasy. One version is more beautiful than the other. Try and offer your own equally dramatic or touching versions of Narcissus.

The Legend of Daphne. Pursued by Apollo, who was in love with her, the young nymph Daphne prayed for help to the gods and was turned into a laurel, which became Apollo's sacred tree. Since then, winners of musical competitions in honor of Apollo have been awarded a laurel wreath. In ancient art, Daphne (Daphnia) was depicted at the moment when, overtaken by Apollo, she turns (sprouts) into a laurel.

The desperate young man Phaeton was unable to cope with the horses of the solar team of his father, the sun god Helios, for which he was struck by the lightning of Zeus. The Heliades, sisters of Phaethon, mourned the death of their brother so sadly that the gods turned them into poplars, the leaves of which always make a sad noise. Heliad's tears became amber.

Imagination- fantasy, human mental activity, is the most important aspect of our life. If we did not have imagination, we would lose almost all scientific discoveries and works of art, images created by writers and inventions of designers. Guess and intuition leading to discovery are impossible without imagination. Along with a decrease in the ability to fantasize, a person’s personality becomes impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking decrease, and interest in art and science fades.

The main task of imagination— presentation of the expected result before its actual implementation. With the help of imagination, an image of an object, situation, or condition that has never existed or does not exist at the moment is formed.

Another function of the imagination is related to the planning of one’s actions necessary in the labor process. It is thanks to imagination that a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities.

There are two types of imagination: re-creative and creative.

Recreating Imagination consists in creating images of objects that were not previously perceived, in accordance with their description or conventional image (drawing, topographic map, literary text, etc.).

Creative imagination consists in the independent creation of new images, embodied in original products of activity.

The idea that the more bizarre and outlandish a work is, the more imaginative its author is, is fundamentally mistaken. After all, the more realistic the work, the more powerful the imagination must be in order to make the picture being described visual and imaginative. Powerful creative imagination is recognized not so much by what a person can invent or invent, but by how he knows how to transform reality in accordance with the requirements of an artistic concept.

Imagination develops in the process of creative activity. A prerequisite for the high development of imagination is its education, starting from childhood, through games, educational activities, and introduction to art. A necessary source of imagination is the accumulation of diverse life experiences, the acquisition of knowledge and the formation of beliefs.

Creative activities develop children's senses. While creating, the child experiences a whole range of positive emotions both from the process of activity and from the result obtained. Creativity contributes to the development of memory, thinking, perception, attention. Creative activity develops the child’s personality, helps him to assimilate moral and ethical standards - to distinguish between good and evil, compassion and hatred, courage and cowardice. By creating works of creativity, the child reflects in them his understanding of life and the world, his positive and negative qualities, comprehends and evaluates them in a new way. Children aged 6 years in their works not only convey processed impressions, but also begin to purposefully look for ways to convey this. The possibilities for choosing such methods are directly related to the characteristics of a child’s learning, primarily to his mastery of the culture of play and elements of artistic creativity throughout preschool childhood. At this age, the child can already build a plan for their implementation before starting actions and consistently implement it, often adjusting it as it progresses. Creativity also develops aesthetic feelings. Through this activity, the child’s sensitivity to the world and appreciation of beauty are formed.

All children love to make art. They enthusiastically sing and dance, sculpt and draw, compose music and fairy tales, perform on stage, participate in competitions, exhibitions, quizzes, etc. After all, creativity makes a child’s life richer, fuller, more joyful and interesting.

With the help of creativity and imagination, the child forms his personality. And there is a special area of ​​a child’s life that provides specific opportunities for personal development - play. By imagining game situations and implementing them, the child develops a number of personal qualities, such as justice, courage, honesty, a sense of humor and others. Through the work of imagination, compensation occurs for the child’s still insufficient real opportunities to overcome life’s difficulties and conflicts.

Children aged 6 years and older actively play role-playing games: a store, a hairdresser, a family, a kindergarten, etc.

The child should be taught to look for a solution, taking into account, if possible, all possible consequences.

Encourage children to express their own ideas about the problem being solved.

Space trip

◈ Cut out several circles of different sizes from paper and arrange them in random order. Invite your child to imagine that the circles are planets, each of which has its own inhabitants. Ask your child to come up with the names of the planets and populate them with various creatures.

◈ Gently guide the child’s imagination, for example, suggest that only good creatures should live on one planet, evil ones on another, sad ones on a third, etc.

◈ Let the child show his imagination and draw the inhabitants of each planet. Cut out of paper, they can “fly” to visit each other, get into various adventures, and conquer other people’s planets.

Uninhabited acute

◈ Invite your child to play as travelers who find themselves on a desert island. The roles of the main characters can be played by your favorite toys.

◈ Land the heroes on the island and start planning: what travelers need in order to build a house and improve their life.

◈ Consider the most unusual versions, for example: a house or hut can be built from palm leaves or hollowed out in the trunk of a thick tree using a pointed stone. From long seaweed you can weave a rug that will serve as a bed, etc.

◈ Discuss who travelers might meet and what dangers they face.

Make up a riddle

The game develops imagination and thinking

◈ Teach your child to come up with riddles. The wording of the riddle can be simple (What is the same color in winter and summer?) or characterize the object from several sides (It burns, not fire, a pear, not edible).

Magic transformations

The game develops imagination and figurative memory, figurative movement(ability to depict animals, some objects)

◈ The task is to depict an animal or some object with gestures, facial expressions, and sounds.

◈ Other players must guess what was shown and tell how they guessed.

What am I good for?

The game develops imagination, fantasy, creative thinking

◈ Select an item. The task is to come up with and name all possible uses of this item.

Modeling

Develops imagination and fine motor skills

Necessary equipment: plasticine, clay, dough.

◈ You can sculpt anything from plasticine - dishes for a doll, letters, animals. You can create characters from your favorite fairy tale and bring it to life - hold a puppet show. Perhaps all the wonders of the plasticine world will be clumsy at first, but over time the child will learn to create more and more complex figures.

Waders, constructors

Contribute to the breakdown of imagination, creative thinking, perception

◈ You can build anything from cubes (constructor set) - a house, a road, a city, an apartment with furnishings and place residents there.

Evening windows

◈ In the evening, the windows of neighboring houses, in which the lights are on, form intricate patterns. What are they like? Maybe these are some letters or someone's smile?

◈ Imagine with your child.

Clouds

◈ Clouds truly give room for imagination. What are they like? They look like everything! They also move across the sky, catching up with each other and constantly changing their shape.

Homemade gifts

◈ I have this experience with my eldest daughter - she happily makes gifts for someone: a postcard (with applique) for her grandmother, a picture from various cereals (for information on how to make it, see the article “Games for the development of fine motor skills”), beads, a photo frame, even a voluminous garden with paper butterflies and flowers. And one day we were making chocolates.

◈ Your child probably has a lot of ideas in his head. Encourage your child's applied creativity, guiding him so that he learns to complete his plans and work carefully.

Gift wrapping

◈ Show your child how to wrap a gift beautifully - in special paper, or a box, or a holiday bag.

◈ If there are no suitable materials at home, go with him to the department that deals with gift wrapping and pick up something.

Fairy tale by roles or puppet theater

◈ Any child will love this kind of fun. Theater or role-playing games are one of the best ways to develop creativity. The most valuable thing in these games is the opportunity for direct and free self-expression.

◈ Choose a well-known fairy tale or story, assign roles (play with the whole family or company) and have fun. It doesn't have to be a standard plot development - maybe your child will come up with a different ending to the story.

Fairy tales

Promote the development of speech, imagination, memory

◈ Compose fairy tales with your child. Stories about your favorite animal, about pieces of furniture. Remember or write down these stories - you can always continue them later or simply read them to your grandchildren many years later.

Paper figures

Necessary equipment: white and colored paper, threads, glue.

◈ Take paper, crumple the sheets and wrap them with threads - here are the ready-made balls for the game.

◈ Balls can be connected to each other (sewn, glued or knitted) and get fancy three-dimensional toys. Glue buttons or beads as eyes, nose and mouth, make loops, and you are ready to decorate the Christmas tree.

Colored rug

Necessary equipment: colored paper, scissors, glue.

◈ Cut strips from colored paper. Show your child how to weave rugs from them. Use a backing to secure the edges of the strips or carefully glue them together.

◈ Stripes can be made of different widths, then the pattern will be even more interesting.

New Year decoration

Necessary equipment: foil, colored paper, scissors, glue.

◈ Cut strips from colored paper and glue them into New Year’s garlands. You can also make three-dimensional balls and lanterns.

◈ When your child is confident in using scissors, teach him to cut out snowflakes from foil.

◈ You can make various applications, including three-dimensional ones, from leftover paper.

Crafts made from natural materials

Necessary equipment: leaves, acorns, walnut shells, corks, cones.

◈ Make funny figures, animals, paintings from available natural materials.

Movie

Required equipment: video camera.

◈ Make videos with your child based on invented stories. Start with simple stories. If necessary, use props - costumes, makeup, scenery.